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PL characteristics of the soybean-derived CDs.
| Processing method | Temperature (°C) | Agent | Time (h) | Maximum emission/excitation wavelength | Atomic fraction of C, O and N (%) | QY (%) |
| HTC-CDs (this work) |
200 | 1 wt % H2SO4 | 2 | 440/360 | 73.6/16.1/10.3 | 4.46 |
| annealed-CDs (this work) |
850 | argon | 2 | N/A | 60.0/40.0/0.0 | N/A |
| LA-CDs (this work) |
25 | 15 vol % NH4OH | 1 | 459/390 | 54.7/37.5/7.8 | 3.84 |
| pyrolysis [31] | 200 | argon | 3 | 405/330 | 81.28/15.92/2.49 | 3.17 |
| HTC [32] | 170 | DI water | 16 | ≈533/470 | 46.27/≈/≈ | 7.14 |
