Table 3.
Otitis media (OM)-related genes: animal studies 2014-2019
| Gene | Protein product | Known role in OM | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bpifal | Antibacterial | Deletion increases OM susceptibility | 30 |
| Casp4 | Inflammasome effector | Inflammasome deficiency enhances OM | 31 |
| Ccl3 | Chemotactic chemokine | Deletion enhances OM | 32 |
| Ccr2 | Chemokine receptor | Deletion enhances OM | U |
| Cd44 | Hyaluronin receptor, multifunctional | Deletion alters leukocyte recruitment in OM | 33 |
| Celsr1 | Intercellular organization | Mutation causes OM | J |
| Coro1a | Lytic granule secretion | Mutation causes immunodeficiency and chronic OM | 34 |
| Dusp1 | MAP kinase phosphatase | Inhibits MUC5AC production in response to NTHi | 35 |
| Enpp1 | Transmembrane glycoprotein | Mutations cause OM with ectopic bone formation | 36 |
| Entpd1 | ATP hydrolase | Predicted to increase chronic OM | A |
| Fbxo11 | Transcription factor | Mutation causes a middle ear cavitation | 37 |
| Fli1 | Transcription factor | Haploinsufficiency causes OM | 38 |
| Grn | Granulin growth factor precursor | Deletion reduces bacterial clearance in OM | 39 |
| Hbegf | Epithelial growth factor | Stimulates middle ear epithelial growth | 40 |
| Il1rn | IL1 receptor antagonist | Deletion exacerbates OM | U |
| Mapk9 | JNK isoform 2, gene regulation | JNK2 mutation exacerbates OM | 41 |
| Mif | Pro-inflammatory mediator | Blocking MIF alleviates OM | 42 |
| Mkp1 | MAPK phosphatase | Upregulation reduces MUC5AB production in OM | 35 |
| Ncf2 | Superoxide source in neutrophils | Predicted to increase chronic OM | A |
| Nfkb1 | Immune, growth signaling | Deletion enhances OM | U |
| Nisch | Cell signaling | Mutation causes OM | 43 |
| Nlrp3 | Pathogen receptor, inflammasome | Inflammasome deficiency enhances OM | 31 |
| Nod1 | Pathogen receptor | Mutation exacerbates OM | U |
| Nod2 | Pathogen receptor | Mutation reduces bacterial clearance in OM | 44 |
| Pai1 | Plasminogen inhibitor | Deletion exacerbates OM | 45 |
| Pax9 | Growth-related transcription factor | Down-regulation leads to OM | 46 |
| Pycard | ASC inflammasome component | Deletion enhances OM | 31 |
| Ripk2 | Pathogen receptor signaling | Deletion disables OM recovery | U |
| Spag6 | Cilia gene | Deletion causes OM | 47 |
| Tbx1 | Transcription factor | Mutation alters facial morphology, increases OM incidence | 22 |
| Tlr2 | Pathogen receptor | Deletion exacerbates OM | 48 |
Abbreviations: U, unpublished observations from D.G. Hur, B. Nuyen and A. Kurabi; J, phenotype from Jackson Labs; NTHi, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae; A, ARCHS4 database