Table 10-2.

Prevention of Human Health Risks Associated With Travel and Animal Contact

Activity	Types of Contact	Pathogens	Preventive Steps
Bites, scratches from direct contact with animal	Contact with dogs, cats, monkeys	Pasteurella, rabies virus, Bartonella, other	Avoid animal contact in rabies-endemic countries, supervise children around animals
		Simian immunodeficiency viruses, herpes B	Consider pretravel rabies vaccine for visits to rabies-endemic countries Avoid contact with monkeys Wash wound immediately and seek medical care immediately if bitten or scratched
Farm visits, agricultural tourism	Contact with goats, sheep, cattle, poultry, hogs, contaminated dusts	Q fever, brucellosis, E. coli, Nipah, avian influenza, anthrax	Avoid close contact with animals or confined spaces with dust, handwashing after contact
Religious pilgrimages, festivals (e.g., Hajj/Eid al-Adha, Lunar New Year)	Slaughter and consumption of animals	Anthrax (cattle, camels, goats) Avian influenza (poultry)	Avoid contact with slaughter activities Avoid live animal markets, bird farms; avoid contact with sick or dead birds Handwashing
Live animal markets	Slaughter of animals; fecal contamination of surfaces, air	Avian influenza, SARS, E. coli, other	Avoid visiting live animal markets
Safaris, wilderness travel	Mosquito-borne infections	Malaria, yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya fever	Use DEET and/or Picaridin insect repellents; other mosquito, tick, and fly precautions
	Tickborne infections	Rickettsial infection (scrub typhus), tick paralysis
	Fly-borne	Trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
	Rodent-infested buildings	Hantavirus	Avoid rodent areas (see Chapter 9)
	Infected fresh water	Leptospirosis, E. coli, other pathogens	Avoid swimming in or drinking untreated fresh water
	Exposures to bats or bat guano	Rabies, other viral pathogens, histoplasmosis	Use caution visiting caves and sleeping outdoors to avoid bats and bat guano
Local delicacies, bushmeat	Undercooked meat, raw milk	Campylobacter, Salmonella, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, anthrax	Avoid uncooked meats, fish, raw/unpasteurized dairy products, soft cheeses
	Primate meat	Simian viruses, Ebola	Avoid bushmeat consumption
	Bear	Trichinella
	Raw fish, shellfish	Cholera, hepatitis, gnathostomiasis, paragonimiasis, rat lungworm
Souvenirs	Animal skins drums	Anthrax	Avoid purchasing unprocessed animal hide souvenirs
Beaches, sandboxes	Walking barefoot, swimming	Hookworm infection, tungiasis, marine envenomations	Do not walk barefoot on beaches, use caution when swimming
Travel with pet	Pet can come in contact with local domestic and wildlife species, may also develop vector-borne disease and/or toxic exposures	Zoonotic infections Allergy from pet	Use of pet insecticide, periodic deworming of pet, avoid feeding uncooked meat, do not allow pet to roam free outdoors, pretravel and posttravel vet visits (see Boxes 10-2 and 10-3)