Table 2.

Efficacy of vaccines targeted towards infectious disease can be enhanced by inorganic NMs.

Immune Setting	Inorganic NM	Effect	Ref.
Infectious disease	AuNPs	Antibody production against foot-and-mouth disease peptide was dependent on NP size	95
		Delivering antigen and adjuvant reduced viral load in liver infection model	80
		Antigen and adjuvant codelivery led to complete protection from lethal influenza challenge	96 97
		Adjuvant delivery resulted in 100% survival in a select agent lethal challenge model	81 99 100
	AuNMs	Surface area was correlated to cytokine and antibody production against West Nile virus envelope protein	82
		Gold nanostars served as a strong adjuvant in foot-and-mouth disease vaccination	101
		Delivery of a DNA vaccine resulted in 100% protection from newcastle disease virus challenge	83
		Antigen delivery resulted in strong, long-lasting antibody and cell-mediated responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus	84 102 103
	QDs	Inhibited replication of herpes simplex virus-1	51