Table 1. Study and participant characteristics.
| Author (year) | Setting | Study design | Participants | Primary Outcome(s) | Key Findings | Study Quality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (I/C) | Age (years), mean (±SD) | % Female | Population/ Condition | ||||||
| Ahmadidarrehsima et al. (2016) [38] | Hospital, Iran | Controlled Clinical Trial | 50 (25/25) | I: 56(46–60)† C: 40 (40–54)† |
100% | Breast Cancer | Happiness | ↑ Oxford Happiness Inventory score in the TB group compared to the control group immediately post intervention (62.9 vs 29.8; p<0.001). | Strong |
| Ahrens & Wigres (2013) [3] | Hospital, USA | Before & After | 121 (60/61) | NR | NR | Neurological Patients | Patient Satisfaction | ↑ Patient satisfaction from 29.7% to 77.3% post-TB implementation. | Moderate |
| Badaczewski et al. (2017) [40] | Paediatric Care Centre, USA | Cross-sectional | 44 | 9 (6–13)† | 34% | Asthma | Patient-centered Interactions | ↑ Patient-centered communication (OR = 4.97; 95% CI: 4.47–5.53) and engagement of parents during pediatric clinical encounters following TB. | Weak |
| Bahri et al. (2018) [41] | Community Health Centre, Iran | RCT | 66 (32/34) | I: 53.5 (1.5) C: 53.3 (1.6) |
100% | Post-menopausal Women | Self-care Management | ↑ Knowledge about self-care and self-care activities in the TB group compared to the control group 1 month after the intervention (p<0.001). | Moderate |
| George et al. (2018) [42] | Hospital, India | Before & After | 98 | 18–70‡ | 38% | Type II diabetes | Medication Adherence | Patients in the low and medium medication adherence groups showed an improvement in medication adherence 2 months post-TB (p<0.05). Patients who were categorized in the high adherence group did not show any change after TB (that is they continued to be highly adherent). | Weak |
| Ghiasvand et al. (2017) [43] | Hospital, Iran | RCT | 80 (40/40) | I: 24.5 (4.5) C: 24.5 (4.5) |
100% | Women with Post-partum Depression | Quality of Life | ↑ Post-partum quality of life in the TB group compared to control group at 8-week follow-up (124.7 vs 115.0; p<0.001). | Moderate |
| Griffey et al. (2015) [44] | Emergency Department, USA |
RCT | 408 (212/196) | I: 36.0 (13.2) C: 34.7 (12.8) |
60% | Low Health Literacy | Comprehension & Satisfaction | ↑ Comprehension of post-ED medications (p<0.02), self-care (p<0.03) and follow-up instructions (p<0.001) in TB patients compared to standard care post-intervention. ↔ Comprehension or patient satisfaction between groups. |
Strong |
| Haney & Shepherd (2014) [45] | Hospital, USA | Prospective Cohort | 23 | NR | NR | Heart Failure (high-risk) | Hospital Re-admissions | ↓ 30-day re-admission rate from 18% to 13% over 6-months. | Weak |
| Kandula et al. (2011) [46] | Outpatient Clinic, USA | Two-Group, Pre-Post Study | 171 (58/113) | I: 52.8 (9.7) C: 56.2 (9.9) |
75% | Type II Diabetes | Knowledge Retention | ↑ Immediate recall of information in the TB + Education vs Education Only group. ↔ Compared to education only, TB + Education did not improve knowledge retention at 2-week follow-up. |
Weak |
| Kiser et al. (2012) [47] | Primary Care Centre, USA | RCT | 99 (67/32) | I: 63 (43–84)† C: 63 (44–83)† |
65% | COPD | Inhaler Technique | ↑ Inhaler technique score in the TB group compared to usual care group (mean change: 1.6 vs -0.5; p<0.001). | Moderate |
| Liu et al. (2018) [48] | Nursing Home, China | RCT | 260 (126/134) | I: 79.2 (8.8) C: 79.1 (9.2) |
49% | Older People | Health Literacy | ↑ Health literacy score in the TB group compared to the control group immediately post-intervention (110.1 vs 74.9; p<0.001). | Strong |
| Mahmoudir-ad et al. (2015) [49] | Outpatient Clinic, Iran | Controlled Clinical Trial | 70 (35/35) | I: 51.8 (4.2) C: 50.0 (5.6) |
75% | Type II Diabetes | Self-care Management | ↑ Foot self-care scores in the TB group compared to the control group at 3-month follow-up (29.3 vs 19.2; p<0.001). | Moderate |
| Moadab et al. (2015) [50] | Hospital, Iran | RCT | 60 (30/30) | I: 25.2 (2.9) C: 25.5 (2.7) |
100% | Post-Caesarean Surgery | Anxiety | ↓ Anxiety level scores in patients post-TB compared to control patients awaiting caesarean surgery (50.8 vs 59.4; p<0.001). | Moderate |
| Mollazadeh & Maslakpak (2018) [51] | Outpatient Clinic, Iran | RCT | 84 (42/42) | I: 38 (12.4) C: 41.3 (11.7) |
33% | Kidney Transplant Recipients | Self-care Management | ↑ Self-management scores in the TB group compared to the control group at 2-month follow-up (82.5 vs 74.4; p<0.001). | Strong |
| Morony et al. (2018) [52] | Telephone Call Centre, Australia | RCT | 637 (261/376) | I: 31.1 (6.4) C: 31.5 (6.6) |
87% | Telephone Health Service Users | Self-care Management | ↑ Confidence to act (OR = 2.44; p = 0.06) and knowledge of healthcare services (OR = 2.68; p = 0.06) in TB callers compared to control group callers. | Moderate |
| Negarandeh et al. (2013) [53] | Outpatient Clinic, Iran | RCT | 83 (43/40) | I: 50.3 (8.5) C: 49.1 (8.8) |
46% | Type II Diabetes | Knowledge Retention & Medication/ Diet Adherence | ↑ Mean scores of knowledge, and adherence to medication and diet in the TB group compared to the control group at 6-week follow-up (p< 0.001). | Moderate |
| Peter et al. (2015) [54] | Hospital, USA | Two-Group, Pre-Post Study | 469 (180/289) | NR | NR | Heart Failure (high-risk) | Comprehension & Hospital Re-admissions | ↑ Patient understanding of their disease. ↓ 12% in re-admission rates for heart failure patients 1 years post-TB implementation. |
Weak |
| Press et al. (2011) [55] | Hospital, USA | Prospective Cohort | 42 | 51.7 (17.4) | 73% | COPD & Asthma | Inhaler Technique | After one round of TB, 86% of participants achieved correct inhaler use. After a second-round of TB, all participants achieved correct use. | Moderate |
| Slater et al. (2017) [56] | Emergency Department, USA | Two-Group, Pre-Post Study | 209 (105/104) | I: 38.0 (14.0) C: 41.0 (18.0) |
68% | Emergency Department Patients | Knowledge Retention | ↑ Retention of discharge instructions (diagnosis, medications, follow-up instructions) in the TB group compared to the control group (recall rate 82.1% vs 70.0%; p<0.05). | Weak |
| Waszak et al. (2018) [57] | Emergency Department, USA | Prospective Cohort | 52 | NR | NR | Emergency Department Patients | Knowledge Retention | 100% of patients clearly understood how to take opioids, and 80.8% learned something new about how to take, store, or dispose of their medications safely. | Weak |
I = Intervention Group; C = Control Group; SD = Standard Deviation; COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TB = Teach-Back; NR = Not reported.
†Median (Interquartile range).
‡Range.