. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 14.

Published in final edited form as: AERA Open. 2019 Jul 1;5(3):10.1177/2332858419857706. doi: 10.1177/2332858419857706

TABLE 4.

Estimates From Multilevel Models Predicting Ninth-Grade GPA

	Main sample				FRL sample
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Maternal college	0.113^*	0.108^*	0.109^*	0.110^*	0.108^*	0.104^*	0.106^*	0.103^*
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.036)	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.033)
Maternal College × Fixed Mindset			0.014	0.016			0.024	0.027
			(0.018)	(0.017)			(0.016)	(0.016)
Not FRL									0.179^*	0.177^*	0.175^*	0.168^*
									(0.054)	(0.054)	(0.053)	(0.051)
Not FRL × Fixed Mindset											0.037^†	0.039^†
											(0.020)	(0.021)
Fixed mindset		−0.038^*	−0.038^*	−0.040^*		−0.036^*	−0.036^*	−0.038^*		−0.036^*	−0.035^*	−0.037^*
		(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)		(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)		(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Grade 8 GPA	0.905^*	0.894^*	0.894^*	0.863^*	0.872^*	0.861^*	0.860^*	0.833^*	0.864^*	0.853^*	0.854^*	0.827^*
	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.029)	(0.032)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.036)
Constant	2.603^*	2.603^*	2.604^*	2.604^*	2.500^*	2.500^*	2.502^*	2.502^*	2.500^*	2.500^*	2.501^*	2.502^*
	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.075)	(0.075)	(0.074)	(0.074)	(0.075)	(0.075)	(0.074)	(0.074)
Variance components
School	0.135^*	0.135^*	0.135^*	0.135^*	0.208^*	0.208^*	0.208^*	0.207^*	0.208^*	0.207^*	0.208^*	0.208^*
	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.058)
Residual	0.367^*	0.365^*	0.365^*	0.359^*	0.372^*	0.370^*	0.370^*	0.365^*	0.369^*	0.367^*	0.366^*	0.362^*
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.019)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.023)	(0.023)
Demographic covariates				X				X				X
N	4,828	4,828	4,828	4,828	2,872	2,872	2,872	2,872	2,872	2,872	2,872	2,872
Schools	61	61	61	61	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	40

Note. Selected estimates (and standard errors) for models of Grade 9 GPA. Models 1 through 4 use the main analytic sample and are weighted to be nationally representative. Models 5 through 12 use the subsample of schools providing FRL information and are unweighted. Independent variables are school-mean centered. Demographic covariates include gender and indicators for Asian, African American, Hispanic, or Other (White is the race-ethnicity reference category). Observations with missing information for Grade 8 GPA or demographic variables imputed with school mean value and an indicator for missing value included in the model (estimates not reported). FRL = free or reduced-price lunch; GPA = grade point average.

^†

p < .10.

p < .05.