(A) Mesenteric fat elafin mRNA expression in 36 non-IBD, 31 UC, 37 CD, 11 non-stricturing CD, and 11 stricturing CD patients (Cedars-Sinai cohort). Multiple comparisons between control, UC, and CD patients were done by one-way ANOVA. Two-group comparison between CD with stricture and CD without stricture was done by Student’s t-test. (B) Immunohistochemistry of elafin in human mesenteric fat tissues at 200X and 400X magnifications. Elafin (as shown by brown color) protein expression was strong in mesenteric fat adipocytes in stricturing CD patients. Four patients per group. (C) Scatter plot shows the positive correlation between mesenteric fat elafin mRNA expression and colonic fibrogenic gene mRNA expression in 32 CD patients. (D) Scatter plot shows the negative correlation between mesenteric fat elafin mRNA expression and colonic elafin protein expression in 30 CD patients.