Fig 4. A conceptual diagram of the integration of knowledge from the four different multiscale modelling approaches of infectious disease systems: [2.1] empirical-based multiscale model (E-MSM), [2.2] mathematical-based multiscale model (M-MSM), [2.3] computational-based multiscale model (C-MSM), and [2.4] data-based multiscale model (D-MSM) and the interplay between the four different multiscale modelling approaches when considered in pairs.

[a.] interplay between M-MSMs and C-MSMs, [b.] interplay between D-MSMs and C-MSMs, [c.] interplay between M-MSMs and D-MSMs, [d.] interplay between M-MSMs and E-MSMs, [e.] interplay between C-MSMs and E-MSMs, and [f.] interplay between D-MSMs and E-MSMs.