Table 3.
Publication bias results for each manipulation, split by demand index.
| k | Fail-safe n | Orwin’s fail-safe n | Kendall’s τ (P-value) | Egger’s test (P-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cue exposure | |||||
| Intensity | 6 | > 56 | 7 | 0.07 (0.85) | 2.40 (0.05) |
| Breakpoint | 6 | > 53 | 7 | 0.33 (0.35) | 2.29 (0.15) |
| Omax | 6 | > 100 | 6 | 0.20 (0.57) | 3.56 (0.08) |
| Pmax | 5 | > 13 | 5 | 0.40 (0.33) | 1.31 (0.33) |
| Elasticity | 4 | > 27 | 5 | 1.00 (0.04) | 5.42 (< 0.001) |
| Stress/negative affect | |||||
| Intensity | 3 | > 1 | 3 | 1.00 (0.12) | 6.54 (0.02) |
| Breakpoint | 3 | > 1 | 4 | 0.33 (0.60) | 6.57 (0.20) |
| Omax | 3 | > 4 | 4 | 0.33 (0.60) | 4.64 (0.33) |
| Elasticity | 3 | > 2 | 3 | 1.00 (0.12) | 5.34 (0.09) |
| Reinforcer magnitude | |||||
| Cross-over point | 10 | > 65 | 10 | 0.24 (0.33) | 1.78 (0.07) |
| Pharmacotherapies | |||||
| Intensity | 4 | > 26 | 5 | 1.00 (0.04) | 6.97 (0.08) |
| Breakpoint | 3 | > 7 | 4 | 1.00 (0.12) | 0.67 (0.15) |
| Behavioral interventions | |||||
| Intensity | 6 | > 170 | 7 | −0.33 (0.35) | −7.05 (0.04) |
| Omax | 4 | > 27 | 4 | −0.67 (0.17) | −10.61 (0.25) |
| Elasticity | 5 | > 21 | 6 | 0.20 (0.62) | −0.33 (0.48) |
| Opportunity costs | |||||
| Intensity | 4 | > 344 | 5 | −0.33 (0.50) | −9.46 (0.15) |
k = number of effect sizes; d = Cohen’s d effect size; SE = standard error.