Table 1.
Mean glutathione (GSH), glutamate (Glu), and glutamine (Gln) concentrations (measured in millimolar (mM) and corrected for tissue fraction) in healthy controls (HC); all patients with stable schizophrenia (All Stable SZ), and in patients with residual schizophrenia (Residual SZ) each of the three regions—anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left insula, and visual cortex.
| HC | All Stable SZ | Residual SZ | HC vs All Stable SZ | HC vs Residual SZ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | Diff. | t | df | p | Hedge’s g (LCL, UCL) | Diff. | t | df | p | Hedge’s g (LCL, UCL) | ||
| ACC | |||||||||||||||||
| Glutathione | 45 | 1.75 (0.31) | 27 | 1.55 (0.26) | 12 | 1.49 (0.23) | −0.21 | 2.890 | 70 | 0.005 | −0.7 (−1.19, −0.21) | −0.26 | 2.731 | 55 | 0.008 | −0.87 (−1.53, −0.22) | |
| Glutamate | 45 | 6.21 (0.81) | 27 | 6.01 (0.66) | 12 | 5.68 (0.73) | −0.20 | 1.092 | 70 | 0.278 | −0.26 (−0.74, 0.22) | −0.53 | 2.061 | 55 | 0.044 | −0.66 (−1.31, −0.01) | |
| Glutamine | 42 | 1.66 (0.31) | 27 | 1.48 (0.36) | 12 | 1.40 (0.30) | −0.18 | 2.241 | 67 | 0.028 | −0.55 (−1.04, −0.05) | −0.26 | 2.581 | 52 | 0.013 | −0.83 (−1.49, −0.17) | |
| Insula | |||||||||||||||||
| Glutathione | 45 | 1.72 (0.20) | 27 | 1.68 (0.26) | 12 | 1.70 (0.24) | −0.04 | 0.695 | 70 | 0.489 | −0.17 (−0.65, 0.31) | −0.02 | 0.276 | 55 | 0.784 | −0.09 (−0.73, 0.55) | |
| Glutamate | 45 | 6.44 (0.51) | 27 | 6.39 (0.68) | 12 | 6.56 (0.6) | -0.05 | 0.364 | 70 | 0.717 | −0.09 (−0.56, 0.39) | 0.11 | −0.659 | 55 | 0.513 | 0.21 (−0.43, 0.85) | |
| Glutamine | 44 | 1.57 (0.28) | 26 | 1.59 (0.30) | 11 | 1.56 (0.24) | 0.02 | 0.325 | 68 | 0.746 | 0.08 (−0.41, 0.56) | −0.01 | 0.067 | 53 | 0.947 | −0.02 (−0.68, 0.64) | |
| Visual | |||||||||||||||||
| Glutathione | 45 | 1.50 (0.17) | 26 | 1.47 (0.20) | 11 | 1.46 (0.24) | −0.03 | 0.739 | 69 | 0.462 | −0.18 (−0.66, 0.30) | −0.05 | 0.738 | 54 | 0.464 | −0.24 (−0.91, 0.42) | |
| Glutamate | 45 | 5.40 (0.51) | 26 | 5.30 (0.51) | 11 | 5.37 (0.55) | −0.11 | 0.845 | 69 | 0.401 | −0.21 (−0.69, 0.28) | −0.03 | 0.181 | 54 | 0.857 | −0.06 (−0.72, 0.6) | |
| Glutamine | 44 | 1.2 (0.23) | 26 | 1.22 (0.25) | 11 | 1.19 (0.30) | −0.07 | 1.213 | 68 | 0.229 | −0.30 (−0.78, 0.19) | −0.11 | 1.320 | 53 | 0.192 | −0.44 (−1.1, 0.23) | |
Differences between HC and All Stable SZ means, and between HC and Residual SZ means are given (HC mean−Patient mean) together with t-test results and effect size estimates (Hedge’s g, with 95% confidence limits). Assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity were satisfied in all comparisons