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. 2020 Apr 14;10:5646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62286-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fabrication process of liver tissue. (a) Diagram showing the construction process. (i) The cell-populated collagen gel is filled in the device. (ii) A needle is extracted to make a hollow channel. (iii) The hollow channel is coated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (iv) The tissue is perfused with medium. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell. (b) Perfusion system. The tissue is perfused using a peristaltic pump. A bubble trap is set to remove bubbles generated during circulation. (c) Sequential images of perfusion test. India ink was infused into the tissue and drained from the outlet.