Fig. 1. Documented presence of geoengineering earthworms in the Arctic.

Sites (red circles) in which Lumbricus sp. and Aporrectodea sp. have been found (utilizing the mineral soil as a habitat) in the arctic biome (purple shading) divided into three major geographical zones (sub-, low-, and high-arctic). Sites are compiled from previously published studies^{27,47,49,52–55} and findings presented in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database. Red rectangle indicates a reported finding of L. rubellus in Greenland where the specific site was not reported⁵⁶. The figure does not intend to provide a complete overview of known populations of geoengineering earthworms, but to illustrate that they can survive in the Arctic (mainly the sub-arctic zone). A common denominator is that earthworms occur adjacent to human introduction points. Thus, the map illustrates that human mediated introductions occur at circumpolar scale. The underlying map showing geographic areas of the Arctic is derived from the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (http://grida.no/resources/6264).