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. 2020 Apr 14;10:6324. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63016-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A model of key components of inositol phosphate pathway involving IPK1. (a) myo-Inositol is converted to inositol phosphates, including IP₅ via 12 enzymes. (b) IPK1 then phosphorylates IP₅ to IP₆ or phytic acid. (c) IP6K phosphorylates phytic acid to higher forms like IP₇ and IP₈. (d) Phytic acid is transported to different organelles via ABC transporter proteins into storage vacuole, chalazal endosperm vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum. (e) IPK1 is involved in protein-protein interactions with other proteins, which are involved in seed germination, phosphate uptake and bioenergetics. (f) Inositol phosphate multi-kinase ( IPMK) converts IP₅ and other inositol phosphates to inositol pyrophosphates PP-IP₄ and 2(PP)-IP₃. (g) Inositol pyrophosphates PP-IP₄ and 2(PP)-IP₃ are capable of mediating functions carried out by IP₇ and IP₈, which would not be formed in the event of absence of IP₆. IPK1 itself, rather than a single transporter protein or an upstream enzyme, appears to be the most promising target for low-phytate maize.