Table 1.

ASM-mediated pathologies in age-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Disorder	ASM	Tissue/cell	Functional effects	Refs.
Alzheimer’s disease	Increase	Plasma Neurons Fibroblasts	Reduction of lysosome biogenesis Abnormal autophagic degradation process Aβ accumulation Cognitive impairment	40,77
Parkinson’s disease	No change	Plasma Fibroblasts	—	40
	Increase	Plasma CNS tissues	Ceramide-mediated Altered lysosomal function Cognitive impairment	81,82
Major depression	Increase	Plasma Brain	Ceramide-mediated Neuronal loss Impaired neurogenesis	47,87–89
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Increase	Motor neurons	Ceramide-mediated Neuronal apoptosis	41,44
Cerebral ischemia	Increase	Astrocytes	Ceramide-mediated Inflammatory cytokine production Neuronal apoptosis	41,44
Multiple sclerosis	Increase	Astrocytes	Ceramide-mediated Inflammatory cytokine production Impairment of BBB Increased leukocyte infiltration	42