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. 2020 Apr 14;10:6405. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63042-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LVV. (A–C) PBMC of active LVV patients (aLVV) (n = 23) and HD (n = 27) were stimulated for 4 hours with PMA-ionomycine. Expression levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) measured in supernatant are represented. The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 are higher in LVV patients as compared to HD [p = 0.01; p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively]. We used a Mann Whitney test. These data are shown as the mean ± SEM. (D) Immunofluorescence analysis of inflammatory lesions from LVV patients reveals the expression of Th2 (here IL-4) and IL-10 cytokines partially by CD3 positive cells. Expression of ST2 by Treg (defined as FOXP3 cells) by immunofluorescence analysis. (E) Expression level of IL-33 in LVV (n = 44) patients serum was higher compared to HD (n = 18), *P < 0.05. (F) Mean level of soluble ST2 was increased in LVV patient sera (n = 38) as compared to HD (n = 17), ***P < 0.001. (G) Level of TSLP in LVV (n = 16) patients serum compared to HD (n = 9). (H) Level of IL-25 in LVV (n = 16) patients serum compared to HD (n = 9).