Table 2.

Coinfection of I. scapularis with human pathogens^*.

Pathogens	% of ticks coinfected	References
Dual infections
B. burgdorferi – A. phagocytophilum	1–26	Schwartz et al., 1997; Steiner et al., 2008; Tokarz et al., 2010, 2017, 2019; Aliota et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2018; Sanchez-Vicente et al., 2019
B. burgdorferi – Babesia microti	1–22	Adelson et al., 2004; Steiner et al., 2008; Tokarz et al., 2010, 2017, 2019; Aliota et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2018; Sanchez-Vicente et al., 2019
B. burgdorferi – Bartonella spp.	8	Adelson et al., 2004
B. burgdorferi – B. miyamotoi	1–3.5	Tokarz et al., 2017, 2019; Sanchez-Vicente et al., 2019
B. burgdorferi – DTV	0.4–2.5	Aliota et al., 2014; Tokarz et al., 2017, 2019
A. phagocytophilum – B. microti	1–2	Steiner et al., 2008; Tokarz et al., 2017
Triple infections
B. burgdorferi – A. phagocytophilum – B. microti	1–8	Tokarz et al., 2010, 2017, 2019; Aliota et al., 2014; Sanchez-Vicente et al., 2019
B. burgdorferi – B. microti – B. miyamotoi	1–2	Tokarz et al., 2017

^*Only infections ≥ 1% are shown.