Table 1.
Neonatal characteristics of 228 extremely premature born children (<28 weeks GA/ <1,000 g BW) participating at the follow-up at 11 years of age.
| No PDA (N = 137) | PDA (N = 91) | PDA, no surgery (N = 57) | PDA, surgery (N = 34) | Mean difference (95% CI) No PDA vs. PDA | p | Mean difference (95% CI) no surgery vs. surgery | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| GA (weeks) | 27.07 (1.7) | 26.07 (1.4) | 26.32 (1.3) | 25.6 (1.4) | 1.03 (0.6–1.4) | <0.01 | 0.73 (0.15–1.31) | 0.01 |
| Birth weight (gram) | 865 (166.1) | 866 (162.8) | 886 (154.5) | 832 (172.9) | −0.95 (-44.6–43.0) | 0.97 | 53.5 (-16.1–123.0) | 0.13 |
| Start of PDA treatment, days after birth § | ||||||||
| Indomethacin | 10.7 (7.4) | 9.5 (5.2) | ||||||
| PDA Surgery | 13.4 (9.6) | |||||||
| Days on invasive mechanical ventilation | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.1 (15.7) | 11.1 (14.0) | 8.1 (9.3) | 16.2 (18.6) | −3.96 (−7.8–0.04) | 0.05 | 8.1 (1.2–15.0) | 0.02 |
| Median (range) | 2 (0–113) | 6 (0–83) | 5 (0–44) | 10.0 (0–83) | ||||
| Days on CPAP | 22.8 (18.8) | 28.4 (19.4) | 29.7 (19.7) | 26.1 (18.8) | −5.5 (−10.5; −0.6) | 0.03 | 3.69 (−4.7–12.0) | 0.38 |
| Characteristics N (%) | ||||||||
| SGA | 36 (26) | 8 (9) | 7 (12) | 1 (3) | 0.001 | 0.25 | ||
| Sex (female) | 63 (46) | 41 (45) | 28 (49) | 13 (38) | 0.185 | 0.31 | ||
| BPD (O2-suppl. at 36 weeks GA) | 49 (36) | 62 (68) | 35 (61) | 27 (79) | <0.001 | 0.08 | ||
| Tracheal intubation at birth* | 83 (64) | 75 (82) | 45 (79) | 30 (88) | 0.001 | 0.42 | ||
| Surfactant | 103 (75) | 85 (93) | 54 (95) | 31 (91) | <0.001 | 0.67 | ||
| Prenatal steroids | 103 (75) | 57 (63) | 36 (63) | 21 (62) | 0.04 | 0.89 | ||
| Postnatal steroids | 37 (27) | 45 (50) | 23 (40) | 22 (65) | 0.001 | 0.03 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy at 5 years of age | 6 (4) | 6 (7) | 4 (7) | 2 (6) | 0.55 | 0.99 | ||
Independent t-test, chi-square test or Fischer's exact test was used as appropriate.
BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CI, confidence interval; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure. GA, gestational age; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; SD, standard deviation; SGA, small for gestational age.
Missing data: Tracheal intubation at birth: Eight cases missing from the “no PDA” group and two cases missing from the “PDA”/“PDA, no surgery” groups. §Start of PDA treatment: Data are missing for nine children regarding age at day of PDA surgery. 21 children in the “PDA, no surgery” group received indomethacin treatment and six children in the “PDA, surgery” group received indomethacin treatment before surgery. Values in bold indicates a p-value of less than 0.05.