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. 2020 Apr 14;10:6310. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62877-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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4-on-8 virtual maze results. (A) We found a significant negative correlation between lifetime GPS experience and navigation strategy scores, r = −0.20, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.38, −0.02]. (B) There is a significant negative correlation between lifetime GPS experience and map drawing scores, r = −0.22, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.41, −0.02], indicating that greater GPS experience is associated with a lesser ability to form cognitive maps. (C) There is a significant negative correlation between lifetime GPS experience and both the average number of landmarks used during the learning phase of the 4/8 VM, r = −0.21, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.38, −0.05] as well as (D) the number of landmarks noticed in the environment, r = −0.26, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.42, −0.09], indicating that those with greater GPS experience encoded less landmark information.