Table 2.
Correlations between GPS habits and navigation performance in the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
| Cross-sectional study | Longitudinal study | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime GPS experience (hours) | GPS reliance | Sense of GPS dependence | Hours of GPS use since pre-test | GPS reliance (post-pre) | |
| CSDLT | |||||
| Number of trials to criterion | r = −0.06 [−0.32, 0.18] | r = 0.08 [−0.14, 0.27] | r = 0.15 [−0.09, 0.34] | r = 0.12 [−0.29, 0.65] | r = 0.62 [0.18, 0.91]* |
| Probe 1 | r = −0.22 [−0.41, −0.01]* | r = −0.17 [−0.39, 0.07] | r = 0.01 [−0.24, 0.27] | r = 0.05 [−0.60, 0.60] | r = −0.33 [−0.81, 0.55] |
| Probe 2 | r = −0.08 [−0.36, 0.15] | r = −0.21 [−0.45, 0.05] | r = −0.33 [−0.49, −0.14]* | r = −0.68 [−0.91, −0.10]* | r = −0.47 [−0.75, −0.28]* |
| Probe 1 and 2 | r = −0.20 [−0.41, 0.01] | r = −0.25 [−0.44, −0.03]* | r = −0.25 [−0.43, −0.05]* | r = −0.15 [−0.72, 0.50] | r = −0.35 [−0.87, 0.58] |
| 4/8 VM | |||||
| Number of trials to criterion | r = −0.12 [−0.29, 0.07] | r = 0.08 [−0.13, 0.28] | r = −0.13 [−0.36, 0.10] | r = 0.16 [−0.64, 0.92] | r = 0.17 [−0.65, 0.74] |
| Average learning errors on Part 2 | r = 0.02 [−0.21, 0.27] | r = 0.20 [−0.03, 0.44] | r = −0.16 [−0.42, 0.11] | r = −0.18 [−0.58, 0.28] | r = 0.21 [−0.43, 0.69] |
| Probe errors | r = 0.04 [−0.20, 0.27] | r = 0.16 [−0.09, 0.41] | r = 0.09 [−0.16, 0.34] | r = 0.02 [−0.44, 0.69] | r = 0.42 [−0.37, 1.00] |
| Map drawing | r = −0.22 [−0.41, −0.02]* | r = −0.26 [−0.51, 0.06] | r = −0.13 [−0.36, 0.14] | r = −0.52 [−0.79, −0.21]* | r = −0.64 [−0.83, −0.50]* |
| Navigation strategy score | r = −0.20 [−0.38, −0.02]* | r = 0.04 [−0.22, 0.31] | r = −0.02 [−0.25, 0.20] | r = −0.27 [−0.77, 0.44] | r = 0.19 [−0.37, 0.70] |
| Average number of landmarks used | r = −0.21 [−0.38, −0.05]* | r = −0.05 [−0.27, 0.23] | r = 0.01 [−0.23, 0.24] | r = −0.32 [−0.68, −0.05]* | r = −0.01 [−0.56, 0.46] |
| Number of landmarks noticed | r = −0.26 [−0.42, −0.09]* | r = −0.27 [−0.49, −0.04]* | r = −0.07 [−0.32, 0.21] | r = −0.57 [−0.95, 0.61] | r = −0.67 [−0.90, −0.07]* |
Correlation r coefficients are shown with bootstrap bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Sense of GPS dependence correlations were covaried with SBSOD scores. Longitudinal analyses were covaried with navigation performance at baseline and GPS measure at baseline. Significant correlations (Bootstrap BCa 95% CI not overlapping with 0) are denoted with *.
CSDLT: Concurrent Spatial Discrimination Learning Task; 4/8 VM: 4-on-8 Virtual Maze.