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. 2020 Mar 17;52(3):318–328. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0405-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A schematic representation of a typical ambient particle-size distribution of the number concentration, surface area concentration, and mass concentration (dN/dLog Dp, particle number per cubic millimeter; dS/dLog Dp, particle surface area per cubic millimeter; and dM/dLog Dp, particle mass per cubic millimeter, respectively)⁹⁹. Vertical scaling is individual to each distribution. There are three modes of atmospheric aerosol particles: nucleation mode, accumulation mode, and coarse mode. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are all particles with a diameter of 100nm or less. Most nucleation mode particles and the fraction of accumulation mode particles are UFPs.