Fig. 2. Effect of Lpp mutations on cell morphology and surface ultrastructure.

a Representative phase-contrast images reveal cell morphology of E. coli cells on agarose pads. b AFM height images in PBS showing E. coli cells immobilized on PEI-coated coverslips (color scale: 1.2 µm). c High-resolution height images recorded on top of the cells shown in (b) (color scale: 10 nm). These images are representative of at least three independent experiments.