Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing Cardiac Valve Replacement Surgery.
| Variables | Overall (n = 3459) | AKI (n = 510) | Non-AKI (n = 2949) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤60 | 2370 (68.52) | 271 (53.14) | 2099 (71.18) | |
| 61–75 | 1048 (30.30) | 224 (43.92) | 824 (27.94) | |
| >75 | 41 (1.19) | 15 (2.94) | 26 (0.88) | |
| Male (%) | 1525 (44.09) | 291 (57.06) | 1234 (41.84) | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 786 (22.72) | 183 (35.88) | 603 (20.45) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 169 (4.89) | 48 (9.41) | 121 (4.10) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease (%) | 210 (6.07) | 43 (8.43) | 167 (5.66) | 0.016 |
| Obesity (%) | 287 (8.30) | 69 (13.53) | 218 (7.39) | <0.001 |
| Surgical Characteristics | ||||
| Prior Cardiac Surgery (%) | 100 (2.89) | 34 (6.67) | 66 (2.24) | <0.001 |
| Emergent Surgery (%) | 41 (1.19) | 9 (1.76) | 32 (1.09) | 0.190 |
| Surgery type | <0.001 | |||
| Valve replacement only(%) | 3308 (95.63) | 455 (89.22) | 2853 (96.74) | |
| Combined Valve replacement and others (%) | 151 (4.37) | 55 (10.78) | 96 (3.26) | |
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 53.19 ± 25.74 | 60.67 ± 29.75 | 51.94 ± 24.79 | <0.001 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 65.73 ± 30.35 | 77.03 ± 41.94 | 63.84 ± 27.51 | <0.001 |
| Preoperative LVEF | 0.003 | |||
| Good (>50.00%) | 3036 (87.77) | 444 (87.06) | 2592 (87.89) | |
| Fair (30.01–50.00%) | 421 (12.17) | 64 (12.55) | 357 (12.11) | |
| Poor (≤30.00%) | 2 (0.06) | 2 (0.39) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Preoperative serum creatinine (umol/L) | 73.10 ± 33.20 | 88.74 ± 73.17 | 70.40 ± 17.86 | <0.001 |
| Preoperative eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤30.00 | 14 (0.40) | 10 (1.96) | 4 (0.14) | |
| 30.01–60.00 | 194 (5.61) | 78 (15.29) | 116 (3.93) | |
| 60.01–90.00 | 1181 (34.14) | 214 (41.96) | 967 (32.79) | |
| >90.00 | 2070 (59.84) | 208 (40.78) | 1862 (63.14) | |
| Preoperative HB (g/L) | 0.001 | |||
| ≤100 | 196 (5.67) | 42 (8.24) | 154 (5.22) | |
| 101–120 | 628 (18.16) | 109 (21.37) | 519 (17.60) | |
| >120 | 2635 (76.18) | 359 (70.39) | 2276 (77.18) | |
| Preoperative INR | 0.009 | |||
| ≤0.90 | 167 (4.83) | 21 (4.12) | 146 (4.95) | |
| 0.91–1.10 | 2294 (66.32) | 313 (61.37) | 1981 (67.18) | |
| >1.10 | 998 (28.85) | 176 (34.51) | 822 (27.87) | |
| Preoperative fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.75 ± 0.81 | 2.95 ± 0.91 | 2.72 ± 0.79 | 0.002 |
| Low level of fibrinogen (<1.8 g/L) (%) | 182 (5.26) | 28 (5.49) | 154 (5.22) | |
| Normal level of fibrinogen (1.8–3.5 g/L) (%) | 2818 (81.47) | 384 (75.29) | 2434 (82.54) | |
| Elevated level of fibrinogen (>3.5 g/L) (%) | 459 (13.27) | 98 (19.22) | 361 (12.24) | |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 16.90 ± 7.88 | 20.67 ± 12.53 | 16.25 ± 6.54 | <0.001 |
| Overall Mortality (%) | 31 (0.90) | 23 (4.51) | 8 (0.27) | <0.001 |
Note: continuous variables shown as mean ± SD; categorical variables as number (percentage).
Abbreviations: acute kidney injury (AKI); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR); hemoglobin (HB); international normalized ratio (INR).