Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population, 111 males and 107 females.
| n (males, females) | Male | Female | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI trajectory groupsa | <0.001 | |||
| Overweight | 111, 107 | 16 (14) | ||
| High-normal weight | 111, 107 | 40 (36) | 30 (28) | |
| Mid-normal weight | 111, 107 | 33 (30) | 40 (37) | |
| Low-normal weight | 111, 107 | 22 (20) | 37 (35) | |
| Urine sampling at ages 9, 17, and 18a | 111, 107 | 57 (51) | 64 (60) | 0.201 |
| Cardiometabolic risk markers in late adolescence–young adulthoodb | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 111, 106 | 118 (110, 128) | 110 (104, 118) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 111, 106 | 72 (66, 78) | 70 (64, 76) | 0.101 |
| Serum triglyceride, mg/dL | 106, 102 | 79 (60, 112) | 89 (68, 113) | 0.746 |
| Serum HDL-C, mg/dL | 108, 103 | 49 (41, 58) | 65 (55, 73) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 111, 105 | 95 (88, 100) | 90 (86, 95) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 111, 106 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.26) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 110, 106 | 0.7 (0.50, 1.04) | 0.68 (0.48, 1.08) | 0.827 |
| Interleukin-18, pg/mL | 109, 106 | 254.90 (210.51, 308.49) | 247.92 (205.39, 306.55) | 0.784 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 110, 105 | 5910 (4389, 9241) | 8758 (6512, 12976) | <0.001 |
| Chemerin, ng/mL | 111, 106 | 140.86 (122.46, 162,52) | 166.99 (149.66, 189.12) | <0.001 |
| Leptin, pg/mL | 111, 102 | 2402 (1122, 5097) | 12385 (8290, 19967) | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake and physical activity | ||||
| Energy, kcal/dayb | 108, 102 | 2483 (2232, 2805) | 1836 (1642, 2034) | <0.001 |
| Protein, g/dayb | 108, 102 | 84.62 (75.14, 94.40) | 59.21 (53.21, 67.71) | <0.001 |
| Protein (%Energy)a | 108, 102 | 13.52 (12.72, 14.57) | 13.54 (12.20, 14.44) | 0.347 |
| Physical activity, metabolic equivalent task, hours/weekb | 105, 99 | 53.82 (30.00, 68.65) | 33.75 (17.95, 47.71) | <0.001 |
| Prenatal, birth, and early life | ||||
| Birth weight, gb | 111, 107 | 3580 (3210, 3850) | 3380 (3100, 3680) | <0.001 |
| Birth length, cmb | 111, 107 | 52 (51, 54) | 51 (50, 53) | <0.001 |
| Maternal BMI, kg/m2b | 109, 107 | 22.94 (21.11, 26.09) | 22.47 (20.59, 25.47) | 0.387 |
| Maternal gestational weight gain, kgb | 108, 106 | 12 (10, 15) | 12.5 (10, 15) | 0.362 |
| Breastfeeding duration, weeksb | 111, 107 | 23 (8, 35) | 26 (7, 34) | 0.943 |
| First-born childa | 111, 107 | 65 (59) | 65 (61) | 0.264 |
| Maternal education, higha | 79, 96 | 75 (95) | 87 (91) | 0.826 |
| Maternal employment, employeda | 78, 96 | 14 (13) | 34 (32) | <0.001 |
| Smoking householda | 82, 88 | 23 (28) | 25 (28) | 0.882 |
an(%); bMedian (25th percentile, 75th percentile). n = count, % = percentage, BMI = Body mass index, HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.