| Traditional approach |
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| Road-user approach |
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1.
Considered human errors as the major cause of road traffic crashes (RTCs).
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2.
Road-user has almost total legal responsibility for safety.
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3.
Major attention to RTC prevention.
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4.
Countermeasures are basically determined to change the behavior to adapt the road-user to the system.
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5.
3Es: engineering, enforcement, and education.
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| Causal approach |
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1.
Road traffic crash can be prevented only by a precise knowledge of the real crash factors.
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2.
Two main trends: deterministic (sequence of events) and probabilistic (set of factors).
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3.
Enhancing human behavior (speed, alcohol, seat belts, and helmets) by legislation, enforcement, and campaigns.
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4.
Planning and designing to make safer infrastructure.
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5.
Safer vehicles through better crashworthiness, active vehicle safety, and vehicle inspections.
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| Systemic approach |
|
| Sustainable safety |
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1.
Functionality of roads.
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2.
Homogeneity of mass and/or speed and direction.
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3.
Predictability of road course and road user behavior by a recognizable road design.
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4.
Forgivingness of the environment and of road users.
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5.
State awareness by the road user.
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| Safe system |
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1.
People make mistakes.
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2.
Human physical frailty.
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3.
A ‘forgiving’ road transport system.
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4.
Building a national road safety culture.
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5.
Data driven targets.
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6.
Corporate responsibility.
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7.
International collaboration.
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8.
7Es: engineering, enforcement, education, economics, emergency response, enablement, and ergonomics.
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| The UN plan for decade of action |
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1.
Road safety management.
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2.
Infrastructure.
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3.
Safe vehicles.
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4.
Road user behavior.
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5.
Post-crash response.
|
| Vision zero |
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1.
Three dimensions: ethics, responsibility, solutions.
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2.
Traffic deaths and serious injuries are acknowledged to be preventable.
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3.
Human life and health are prioritized within all aspects of transportation systems.
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4.
Acknowledgement that human errors are inevitable, and transportation systems should be forgiving.
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5.
Safety work should focus on systems-level changes above influencing individual behavior.
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6.
Speed is recognized and prioritized as the fundamental factor in road traffic crash severity.
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