Table 2.
Associates of sleep disturbance (considered in >1 study)
| Factor | Measure of sleep disturbances | Study | Factors investigated for association with sleep disturbances | Number of significant relationships/times measured (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [35] | Nurses and care workers distress (sleep disturbance mean score**) | |||
| Staff distress about sleep disturbance | NPI | [49] | Nurses distress (sleep disturbance severity**) Nurse distress (sleep disturbance symptoms) Care worker distress (sleep disturbance symptoms** and severity**) |
6/8 (75%) |
| [45] | Staff distress in nurses (sleep disturbance severity,* mean score,* and frequency) | |||
| Resident agitation | NPI | [71] | Agitation (sleep disturbance frequency* and severity*) Agitation—physical nonaggressive (sleep disturbance frequency* or severity*) Agitation—verbal aggressive (sleep disturbance frequency* or severity*) Agitation—physical aggressive (sleep disturbance frequency* or severity*) Agitation—verbal nonaggressive (sleep disturbance frequency or severity) |
13/15 (87%) |
| [73] | Incidence of challenging behaviors (Sleep mean score*) Frequency of challenging behaviors (Sleep mean score*) Difficulty of challenging behaviors (Sleep mean score*) Total challenging behaviors (Sleep mean score*) |
|||
| [64] | Agitation (Sleep symptoms**) | |||
| Actigraphy | 62 | Agitation—physical nonaggressive (amount of nighttime sleep*) Agitation—verbal aggressive or nonaggressive (amount of nighttime sleep) |
1/2 (50%) | |
| Psychotropics | NPI | [35] | Antipsychotics (clinically significant sleep disturbance**) Antidepressants (clinically significant sleep disturbance*) |
7/10 (70%) |
| [32] | Antipsychotics (clinically significant sleep disturbance) | |||
| [38] | Antipsychotics (sleep disturbance symptoms or severity) | |||
| [30] | Any psychotropic (clinically significant sleep disturbance*) Hypnotics/sedatives (clinically significant sleep disturbance*) Antipsychotics (clinically significant sleep disturbance*) Anxiolytics (clinically significant sleep disturbance*) Antidepressants (clinically significant sleep disturbance) |
|||
| SDI | [69] | Any psychotropic (sleep disturbance symptoms) | ||
| Resident age | NPI | [32] | Age (clinically significant sleep disturbance) | 0/3 (0%) |
| [70] | Age (sleep disturbance mean score) | |||
| SDI | [69] | Age (sleep disturbance symptoms) | ||
| Resident sex | NPI | [32] | Sex (clinically significant sleep disturbance) | 1/2 (50%) |
| SDI | [69] | Male sex (sleep disturbance symptoms*) | ||
| Dementia severity | NPI | [72] | More severe dementia (sleep disturbance frequency* or severity*) | 2/4 (50%) |
| [32] | Dementia severity (clinically significant sleep disturbance) | |||
| [70] | Dementia severity (sleep disturbance mean score) | |||
| Actigraphy | [61] | Less severe dementia (duration of nighttime awakenings*) Dementia severity (% of sleep efficiency) Dementia severity (Amount of nighttime sleep) |
1/3 (33%) |
NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; SD, sleep disturbance; SDI, Sleep Disorders Inventory.
* p < 0.05; **p < 0.001.