Table 1.
PTSD and sleep phenotypes utilized in genetic correlation analyses
| Source* | Phenotype | N | SNP-heritability (SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PTSD [17] | |||
| PGC, Freeze 1.5 | PTSD, binary | 48 471 (12 823 Ca; 35 648 Co) | 0.05 (0.018) |
| PGC, Freeze 2† | PTSD, binary | 174 659 (23 212 Ca; 151 447 Co) | 0.05 (0.010) |
| Insomnia | |||
| Lane et al. [19] | Insomnia symptoms,‡ binary | 58 702 (31 767 Ca; 26 935 Co) | 0.13 (0.012) |
| Hammerschlag et al. [27] | Insomnia symptoms,§ binary | 113 006 (32 384 Ca; 80 622 Co) | 0.09 (0.008) |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Insomnia symptoms, continuous | 336 965 | 0.06 (0.004) |
| Lane et al. [29] | Insomnia symptoms,‡ binary | 237 622 (129 270 Ca; 108 352 Co) | 0.18 (0.007)|| |
| Sleep duration | |||
| Jones et al. [20] | Sleep duration, continuous | 127 573 | 0.07 (0.007) |
| Lane et al. [19] | Sleep duration, continuous | 111 975 | 0.06 (0.007) |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Sleep duration, continuous | 335 410 | 0.07 (0.005) |
| Dashti et al. [42] | Sleep duration, continuous | 446 118 | 0.07 (0.003)|| |
| Jones et al. [20] | Long sleepers,¶ binary | 91 306 (10 102 Ca; 81 204 Co) | 0.07 (0.016)|| |
| Dashti et al. [42] | Long sleepers,¶ binary | 339 926 (34 184 Ca; 305 742 Co) | 0.08 (0.006)|| |
| Jones et al. [20] | Short sleepers,# binary | 110 184 (28 980 Ca; 81 204 Co) | 0.09 (0.009)|| |
| Dashti et al. [42] | Short sleepers,# binary | 411 934 (106 192 Ca; 305 742 Co) | 0.09 (0.004)|| |
| Daytime sleepiness | |||
| Lane et al. [19] | Excessive daytime sleepiness, continuous | 111 648 | 0.05 (0.005) |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Daytime dozing/sleeping (narcolepsy), continuous | 336 082 | 0.05 (0.003) |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Nap during the day, continuous | 337 074 | 0.08 (0.004) |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Easy to get up in morning, continuous | 336 501 | 0.07 (0.004) |
| Chronotype | |||
| Jones et al. [20] | Chronotype, continuous | 127 898 | 0.12 (0.007) |
| Lane et al. [21] | Chronotype, continuous | 100 420 | 0.12 (0.007)|| |
| UK Biobank GWAS | Chronotype, continuous | 301 143 | 0.12 (0.006) |
| Jones et al. [51] | Chronotype, continuous | 449 734 | 0.11 (0.004)|| |
| Lane et al. [21] | Extreme chronotype [eveningness],** binary | 35 672 (8 724 Ca; 26 948 Co) | 0.40 (0.034)|| |
| Jones et al. [51] | Morningness, binary | 403 195 (252 287 Ca; 150 908 Co) | 0.17 (0.006)|| |
| Other | |||
| UK Biobank GWAS | ICD-10 Sleep Diagnosis,†† binary | 337 199 (2025 Ca; 335 174 Co) | 0.13 (0.051) |
Ca, case; Co, control; GWAS, genome-wide association study; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; PGC, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
*All sources analyzed data from the UK Biobank. The description “UK Biobank GWAS” refers to a series of analyses conducted on UK Biobank data (2017 release), which can be accessed at: http://www.nealelab.is/blog/2017/7/19/rapid-gwas-of-thousands-of-phenotypes-for-337000-samples-in-the-uk-biobank/ (last accessed May 30, 2019)
†This is the PTSD phenotype used for genetic correlations presented in this manuscript; both PTSD heritabilities were scaled to a population prevalence of 30%.
‡Insomnia cases were defined as individuals endorsing “Often” on the sleeplessness item, while controls included individuals endorsing “Never/Rarely.” Individuals endorsing “Sometimes” were designated as missing and not used in analysis.
§Insomnia cases were defined as individuals endorsing “Often” on the sleeplessness item, while controls were those endorsing “Never/Rarely” and “Sometimes.”
||Denotes that this heritability estimate was not published; instead it was estimated from downloaded summary statistic data using LDSC and converted to the liability scale (with sample prevalence = population prevalence), if appropriate. Otherwise, the estimate was taken from the original source publication or https://nealelab.github.io/UKBB_ldsc/, (last accessed May 30, 2019) as appropriate.
¶Long sleepers were defined as individuals reporting 9 or more hours of sleep, while controls were those endorsing 7–8 h.
#Short sleepers were defined as individuals reporting 6 or fewer hours of sleep, while controls were those endorsing 7–8 h.
**Extreme chronotype cases were defined as individuals endorsing “Definitely an evening person” or “Maybe an evening person,” while controls were individuals endorsing “Definitely a morning person” or “Maybe a morning person.” All other individuals were defined as missing.
††Note that this phenotype encompasses multiple categories of sleep disorders, including insomnias, hypersomnias, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and cataplexy, other sleep disorders, and unspecified sleep disorder.