Table 1.
Seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies.
| Order | Family | Species (Scientific Name) | Common Name 1 | No. Positive/No. Tested (%) 3 | Sampling Site (s) (Year) | Assay | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rodentia | Muridae | Rattus norvegicus | Brown rat/Norway rat | 83/108 (76.9) | The USA (1986–1997) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [17] |
| 135/197 (68.5) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||||
| 144/196 (73.5) | The USA (2005–2006) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [21] | ||||
| 114/362 (31.5) | Japan (2000–2002) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [22] | ||||
| 16/56 (28.6) | Japan (N.A.) | Viragent HEV-Ab kit | [23] | ||||
| 36/147 (24.5) | Germany (2007–2010) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [24] | ||||
| 64/230 (27.8) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [25] | ||||
| 25/123 (20.3) | Vietnam (2011) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [26] | ||||
| 21/94 (22.3) | Vietnam (2011) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [27] | ||||
| 48/389 (12.3) | Vietnam (2012–2013) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [28] | ||||
| 34/109 (31.2) 4 | Lithuania (2014–2017) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [29] | ||||
| Rattus rattus | Black rat | 102/113 (90.2) | The USA (1986–1997) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [17] | ||
| 31/81 (38.3) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||||
| 21/116 (18.1) | Indonesia (2011–2012) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [30] | ||||
| 137/369 (37.1) | Indonesia (2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [31] | ||||
| 10/242 (4.1) | Indonesia (2014–2016) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [32] | ||||
| 12/90 (13.3) | Japan (2000–2002) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [22] | ||||
| Rattus tanezumi | Oriental house rat | 4/16 (25.0) | Vietnam (2011) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [26] | ||
| 2/6 (33.3) | Vietnam (2011) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [27] | ||||
| 9/46 (19.6) | Vietnam (2012–2013) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [28] | ||||
| Rattus rattoides losea | Losea rat | 26/121 (21.5) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [25] | ||
| Rattus flavipectus | Yellow-breasted rat | 34/171 (19.9) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [25] | ||
| Rattus rattus hainanus | N.A. 2 | 2/17 (11.8) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [25] | ||
| Bandicota indica | Greater bandicoot rat | 40/174 (23.0) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [25] | ||
| Rattus rattus rufescens | Indian black rat | 9/57 (15.8) | India (1985) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [33] | ||
| Rattus rattus andamanesis | Sikkim rat | 2/55 (3.6) | India (1990) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [33] | ||
| Bandicota bengalensis | Lesser bandicoot rat | 12/22 (54.5) | India (1985) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [33] | ||
| Rattus exulans | Polynesian rat | 15/18 (83.3) | The USA (1986–1997) | In-house anti-HEV ELISA | [17] | ||
| Mus musculus | House rat | 2/14 (14.3) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Cricetidae | Clethrionomys gapperi | Southern red-backed vole | 4/6 (66.7) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | |
| Neotoma albigula | White-throated woodrat | 13/22 (59.1) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Neotoma mexicana | Mexican woodrat | 48/84 (57.1) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Neotoma micropus | Southern plains woodrat | 1/8 (12.5) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Oryzomys palustris | Marsh rice rat | 10/41 (24.4) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Peromyscus boylei | Brush mice | 2/24 (8.3) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Peromyscus eremicus | Cactus mouse | 3/7 (42.9) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Peromyscus leucopus | White-footed mouse | 5/50 (10.0) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Peromyscus maniculatus | North American deermouse | 11/91 (11.0) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Sigmodon hispidus | Hispid cotton rat | 37/113 (32.7) | The USA (1994–1998) | In-house anti-HEV ELISAs | [18] | ||
| Soricomorpha | Soricidae | Suncus murinus | House shrew | 27/260 (10.4) | China (2011–2012) | In-house anti-rat HEV ELISA | [35] |
1 Taxonomy and common names refer to https://www.iucnredlist.org/. 2 N.A. stands for not available. 3 Seroprevalence indicates presence of anti-HEV IgG. 4 Positive rate derived from both Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, no individual species rates reported. HEV, hepatitis E virus; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.