Table 1.
Antibacterial activities of 74 selected TCMP extracts against multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains based on diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ).
| No. 1 | Family | Scientific Name | Common Name | Extracted Plant Part | DIZ (mm) against S. aureus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SJTUF 20745 | SJTUF 20746 | SJTUF 20758 | SJTUF 20978 | SJTUF 20991 | |||||
| 3 | Anacardiaceae | Rhus chinensis Mill. | Nutgall tree | gall | 21 ± 1 | 21.5 ± 0.1 | 21.8 ± 0.4 | 25 ± 0.6 | 20.5 ± 0.3 |
| 8 | Apiaceae | Cnidium monnieri Cusson | Monnier’s snowparsley | fruit | 9 | 12.6 | NIZ | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.2 |
| 22 | Aquifoliaceae | Ilex rotunda Thunb. | Kurogane holly | bark | 17.2 ± 0.5 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | 19.9 ± 0.8 | 17.4 ± 0.2 | 18.3 |
| 26 | Araceae | Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. | Common duckweed | aerial part | 9.1 | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | 17.5 ± 0.1 | 11.9 |
| 31 | Aristolochiaceae | Asarum heterotropoides F. Schmidt | Manchurian wildginge | rhizome & root | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 18 | 15.2 ± 0.2 | 29.8 ± 0.2 | 14.1 ± 0.1 |
| 36 | Asphodelaceae | Aloe ferox Mill. | Cape aloe | dried gel | 8.3 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 8.7 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 10.2 ± 0.3 |
| 46 | Asteraceae | Elephantopus scaber L. | Cucha cara | aerial part | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 15.1 | 13.8 ± 0.6 |
| 49 | Hemistepta lyrata Bunge | Lyre-shape hemistepta | aerial part | 12.4 | 12.3 ± 0.3 | 12.1 ± 0.4 | 16 | 14.3 | |
| 51 | Inula japonica Thunb. | Inula flower | flower | 16.4 ± 0.4 | 17 ± 1 | 15.7 | 20 ± 0.5 | 20.3 ± 0.1 | |
| 58 | Berberidaceae | Leontice kiangnanensis P. L. Chiu | Rhizoma corydalis | tuberous root | 19.1 ± 0.7 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 22 ± 1 | 25.6 ± 0.1 | 22.4 ± 0.4 |
| 61 | Bignoniaceae | Oroxylum indicum Vent. | Indian trumpet flower | seed | 18.5 ± 0.3 | 25 ± 1 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 30 ± 1 | 22.4 ± 0.2 |
| 62 | Boraginaceae | Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. | Purple gromwell | leaf | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 16.3 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.1 | 15.3 ± 0.1 | 13.4 |
| 65 | Brassicaceae | Isatis tinctoria L. | Dyer’s woad | leaf | 21 ± 1 | 22 ± 1 | 23 ± 1 | 24.8 ± 0.7 | 16.9 ± 0.3 |
| 81 | Combretaceae | Terminalia chebula Retz. | Myrobalan | fruit | 16.8 ± 0.3 | 18.1 | 20 ± 0.2 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 20.2 ± 0.1 |
| 87 | Dioscoreaceae | Dioscorea bulbifera L. | aerial yam | tuberous root | 21 ± 1 | 21 ± 1 | 19.2 | 24.6 ± 0.5 | 20.8 ± 0.1 |
| 90 | Ebenaceae | Diospyros kaki Thunb. | Chinese persimmon | calyx | 16.7 ± 0.4 | 16.2 ± 0.3 | 16.7 | 19.5 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.2 |
| 92 | Ericaceae | Pyrola calliantha Andres | Chinese pyrola | aerial part | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 21.3 ± 0.5 | 13.3 | 18.2 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.1 |
| 95 | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia humifusa Willd. | Herba euphorbiae humifusae | aerial part | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 13 | 16.2 ± 0.6 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 17.7 ± 0.2 |
| 96 | Speranskia tuberculata Baill. | Herba speranskiae tuberculatae | aerial part | 24.1 ± 0.4 | 25 ± 2 | 22.8 ± 0.3 | 27.7 ± 0.4 | 27.1 ± 0.5 | |
| 97 | Fabaceae | Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. | Catechu | branch | 23 ± 0.8 | 25 ± 2 | 27 ± 1 | 32 ± 2 | 25.1 ± 0.3 |
| 101 | Cassia occidentalis L. | Coffee senna | seed | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 13.8 ± 0.4 | 14.8 ± 0.2 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | |
| 102 | Cassia tora L. | Sickle Senna | seed | 14 ± 0.4 | 14.2 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.8 | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.1 | |
| 103 | Dalbergia odorifera T. C. Chen | Fragrant rosewood | trunk | 18.2 ± 0.5 | 20 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 28 ± 1 | 21.4 ± 0.5 | |
| 107 | Gleditsia sinensis Lam. | Chinese honey locust | branch | 14.6 ± 0.4 | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 17.4 | 20 ± 1 | 15.2 ± 0.4 | |
| 109 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | Licorice | rhizome & root | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.4 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 17.4 | 14.8 ± 0.1 | |
| 110 | Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet | Lablab Bean | seed | 14.6 | 16.8 ± 0.3 | 19.2 | 22 ± 1 | 17.5 | |
| 112 | Quercus infectoria Oliv. | Aleppo oak | gall | 22.4 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.4 | 24.8 ± 0.5 | 26.6 ± 0.1 | 22.8 | |
| 114 | Sophora tonkinensis Gagnepain | Vietnamese sophora | rhizome & root | 14.3 ± 0.4 | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 13.5 | 20.2 ± 0.1 | 15.8 | |
| 115 | Spatholobus suberectus Dunn | Caulis spatholobi | stem | 17 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.2 | 19 ± 1 | 20.8 ± 0.2 | 19.4 ± 0.2 | |
| 122 | Hypericaceae | Hypericum japonicum Thunb. | Matted St. John’s-wort | aerial part | 17.8 ± 0.4 | 17.1 ± 0.1 | 14.7 | 22 ± 1 | 18.9 ± 0.2 |
| 126 | Lamiaceae | Isodon serra Kudo | Herba rabdosiae | aerial part | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 18.7 ± 0.1 | 21.7 ± 0.1 | 17.3 ± 0.3 |
| 132 | Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) H. Hara | Blushred rabdosia | aerial part | 18.8 ± 0.3 | 23 ± 1 | 19 ± 1 | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 22 ± 1 | |
| 133 | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | Chinese salvia | rhizome & root | 17.3 ± 0.5 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.3 | 19.1 ± 0.4 | 19 ± 0.3 | |
| 139 | Lardizabalaceae | Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehder & E. H. Wilson | Sargentgloryvine | stem | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 13.8 ± 0.4 | 15.1 | 19.6 | 17.8 ± 0.3 |
| 140 | Lauraceae | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl | Grey bollywood | branch | 15.2 | 14.6 ± 0.1 | 20 ± 0.2 | 18.1 ± 0.2 | 18.5 ± 0.6 |
| 148 | Lycopodiaceae | Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub | Groundcedar | aerial part | 20.8 ± 0.2 | 19.6 ± 0.1 | 21.7 ± 0.3 | 24.3 ± 0.3 | 22.6 |
| 151 | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia denudata Desr. | Lilytree | bud of flower | 15.2 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 17.2 ± 0.2 | 12.9 |
| 153 | Malvaceae | Bombax malabaricum DC. | Bombax | root bark | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.2 | 16.3 | 12.6 |
| 154 | Helicteres angustifolia L. | Narrowleaf screwtree | root | 17.7 ± 0.1 | 19.8 | 19.7 ± 0.5 | 26 ± 1 | 16.9 ± 0.1 | |
| 155 | Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance | Heterophyllous wingseedtree | root | 15.7 ± 0.2 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 19.3 ± 0.2 | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | |
| 159 | Meliaceae | Melia azedarach L. | Chinaberry tree | bark & root bark | 18.4 ± 0.3 | 16.8 ± 0.3 | 22.2 ± 0.3 | 23.3 ± 0.6 | 19.8 |
| 168 | Oleaceae | Fraxinus fallax Lingelsh. | Largeleaf Chinese ash | bark | 13.4 ± 0.5 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 20 ± 1 | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 19.5 |
| 169 | Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. | Winter jasmine | bud of flower | 11.3 | 13.9 | 12.5 ± 0.1 | 15.9 ± 0.2 | 21.2 ± 0.8 | |
| 172 | Orchidaceae | Nervilia fordii Schltr. | Ford nervilla | rhizome & leaf | NIZ | 8.3 | NIZ | 17.3 | 9.9 ± 0.1 |
| 173 | Pholidota chinensis Lindl. | Chinese photinia herb | stem | 14.9 ± 0.3 | 17 ± 0.4 | 17.3 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.8 | 17.2 ± 0.3 | |
| 177 | Orobanchaceae | Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze | Asiatic witchweed | aerial part | 11.9 | 11.1 | 8.8 | 19.4 ± 0.5 | 13.2 |
| 178 | Paeoniaceae | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | Chinese peony | root | 15.6 ± 0.4 | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 17.4 | 16 ± 0.3 | 17.2 ± 0.2 |
| 179 | Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews | Moutan peony | root bark | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 18 ± 0.7 | 17 ± 0.3 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 18.1 ± 0.2 | |
| 180 | Paeonia veitchii Lynch | Red Peony | root | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 15.7 ± 0.1 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 16.7 | 15.5 ± 0.7 | |
| 182 | Phyllanthaceae | Phyllanthus emblica L. | Emblic | fruit | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 19 ± 0.3 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 0.2 |
| 183 | Pinaceae | Pseudolarix amabilis Rehder | Chinese golden larch | root bark | 17.4 ± 0.5 | 17 ± 0.6 | 19.4 ± 0.4 | 17.4 | 19.7 |
| 185 | Poaceae | Bambusa tuldoides Munro | Puntingpole bamboo | stem | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 9.7 ± 0.1 |
| 186 | Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin. | Mackie’s pest | aerial part | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 12.6 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.3 | 25 ± 1 | 14.2 | |
| 192 | Polygonaceae | Polygonum bistorta L. | Meadow bistort | rhizome | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 15.7 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 0.4 | 19.2 ± 0.4 | 15.1 ± 0.1 |
| 193 | Polygonum chinense L. | Chinese knotweed | aerial part | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 13.6 | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 19 ± 0.5 | 17.2 ± 0.1 | |
| 194 | Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. | Tuber fleeceflower | stem | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 15.2 ± 0.4 | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 21 ± 1 | 16.4 ± 0.1 | |
| 195 | Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. | Tuber fleeceflower | tuberous root | 14 ± 1 | 17.7 ± 0.4 | 14.7 ± 0.5 | 19.5 ± 0.3 | 14.9 | |
| 196 | Rumex obtusifolius L. | Bitter dock | root | 12.8 | 13 ± 0.2 | 18 | 22.9 ± 0.3 | 13.9 | |
| 197 | Primulaceae | Ardisia japonica Blume | Marlberry | aerial part | 16.5 ± 0.6 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19 ± 1 |
| 198 | Lysimachia christinae Hance | Herba lysimachiae | aerial part | 14.3 ± 0.3 | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 16.4 | 27 ± 2 | 16.2 ± 0.1 | |
| 200 | Ranunculaceae | Coptis chinensis Franch. | Chinese goldthread | rhizome | 23 ± 1 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.5 | 23 ± 1 | 22.3 ± 0.1 |
| 201 | Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. | French meadow-rue | rhizome & root | 14.4 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 17.5 ± 0.6 | 17 ± 0.3 | 15.4 ± 0.4 | |
| 202 | Rosaceae | Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. | Herba agrimoniae | aerial part | 16.5 ± 0.2 | 16 ± 0.4 | 16.9 ± 0.4 | 21.1 | 18.4 ± 0.4 |
| 203 | Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke | Indian strawberry | aerial part | 11.5 | 13.9 ± 0.4 | 13.8 ± 0.7 | 21.5 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.5 | |
| 205 | Geum aleppicum Jacq. | Aleppo avens | aerial part | 15.1 ± 0.5 | 14.7 ± 0.1 | 16.7 ± 0.3 | 22.7 ± 0.3 | 17.3 ± 0.3 | |
| 206 | Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. | Japanese apricot | fruit | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 11.5 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 16.3 ± 0.5 | 12.2 ± 0.9 | |
| 210 | Rubiaceae | Serissa serissoides (DC.) Druce | Snowrose | aerial part | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 18.9 | 21.5 ± 0.5 | 25.9 ± 0.1 | 15.9 ± 0.4 |
| 217 | Rutaceae | Phellodendron chinense C. K. Schneid. | Chinese corktree | bark | 20 ± 1 | 19.5 ± 0.3 | 18.8 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.3 | 21.8 |
| 218 | Zanthoxylum nitidum DC. | Shiny-leaf prickly-ash | root | 15.5 ± 0.4 | 17.7 ± 0.1 | 15.6 | 21 ± 1 | 14.5 ± 0.2 | |
| 223 | Saxifragaceae | Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. | Creeping saxifrage | aerial part | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 14.6 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.2 |
| 227 | Solanaceae | Lycium chinense Mill. | Chinese boxthorn | root bark | 19 ± 0.2 | 19.6 ± 0.1 | 22.8 ± 0.1 | 24 ± 1 | 21.4 |
| 230 | Tamaricaceae | Tamarix chinensis Lour. | China tamarisk | branch & leaf | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.4 | 16.6 ± 0.2 | 19.2 |
| 231 | Thymelaeceae | Daphne genkwa Siebold & Zucc. | Chinese daphne | bud of flower | 22.1 ± 0.1 | 23 ± 1 | 11.4 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 0.4 |
| 239 | Zingberaceae | Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton | Rhizoma zedoariae | rhizome | 14.1 ± 0.4 | 17.8 ± 0.3 | 16.5 | 22.7 ± 0.4 | 16.8 ± 0.3 |
| Ampicillin | 21.7 ± 0.3 | 18.7 ± 0.5 | 18.5 | 20.2 ± 0.7 | 21.1 ± 0.5 | ||||
| Oxacillin | 15.5 ± 0.6 | 11.9 ± 0.7 | 13.3 ± 0.5 | 13.2 ± 0.4 | 18.2 ± 0.4 | ||||
| DMSO | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | NIZ | ||||
1 74 TCMP extracts (100 mg/mL) with strong inhibitory effects on the growth of reference S. aureus strain ATCC 25923 and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strain SJTUF 20827 (DIZ ≥ 15 mm, Table S1 in Supplementary Material), were selected to investigate the wide range of antibacterial activities against multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains SJTUF 20745, 20746, 20758, 20978, and 20991. Diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) was determined by the agar diffusion method in triplicate and value of DIZ was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DIZ values less than 8.0 mm was defined as “no inhibition zone (NIZ)”. Ampicillin (32 µg/mL) and oxacillin (4 µg/mL) were used as positive controls, while DMSO was used as a negative control.