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. 2020 Feb 21;8(1):96. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010096

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nano2/4-immunotherapy controlled tissue fibrosis through modulation of macrophages in Chagas disease. Mice were infected, treated, and euthanized in chronic phase. Paraffin-embedded 5 µm heart tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. (A) Shown are representative images of heart tissue from non-infected (panels (a–c)), T. cruzi-infected (panels (d–f)), Tc. p2/4 (panels (g–i)), and Tc.nano2/4 (panels (j–l)) groups of mice (60× magnification). Tissues were stained for CD68 (macrophage marker) along with TGF-β (a,d,g,j), MMP9 (b,e,h,k), and galectin-3 (c,f,i,l). (B–H) Semi-quantitative IHC scores for TGF-β (B), MMP9 (C), galectin-3 (D), and CD68 (E) are presented. Co-localization of CD68 with TGF-β (F), MMP9 (G) and galectin-3 (H) was scored as described in the Materials and Methods section. IHC score values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 mice per group, 2 tissue sections per mouse, 9 microscopic fields per tissue section, analyzed at 20× magnification). Significance was calculated and annotated as described in Figure 1.

Nano2/4-immunotherapy controlled tissue fibrosis through modulation of macrophages in Chagas disease. Mice were infected, treated, and euthanized in chronic phase. Paraffin-embedded 5 µm heart tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. (A) Shown are representative images of heart tissue from non-infected (panels (a–c)), T. cruzi-infected (panels (d–f)), Tc. p2/4 (panels (g–i)), and Tc.nano2/4 (panels (j–l)) groups of mice (60× magnification). Tissues were stained for CD68 (macrophage marker) along with TGF-β (a,d,g,j), MMP9 (b,e,h,k), and galectin-3 (c,f,i,l). (B–H) Semi-quantitative IHC scores for TGF-β (B), MMP9 (C), galectin-3 (D), and CD68 (E) are presented. Co-localization of CD68 with TGF-β (F), MMP9 (G) and galectin-3 (H) was scored as described in the Materials and Methods section. IHC score values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 mice per group, 2 tissue sections per mouse, 9 microscopic fields per tissue section, analyzed at 20× magnification). Significance was calculated and annotated as described in Figure 1.