Table 1.

Immunocompetent murine models or transgenic no humanized models to study dengue virus (DENV).

Mouse Model	Route	Asymptomatic Infection	Neurologic Signs	Hematological Changes	Disease Signs	Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines	Ref.
BALB/c	IP, I.C.	NR	Yes		Yes	NR	[74]
A/J	IV	NR	Yes	Transient thrombocytopenia	NR	NR	[71]
	IV	Yes	Yes	Transient ↑ hematocrit and ↓ WBC count	NR	NR	[90]
	IV	NR	Yes	Hematocrit: Slight ↑	NR	NR	[91]
	IV	NR	NR	NR	Vascular permeability: High	NR	[92]
	IV	NR	Yes	NR	Yes	IFN-γ: ↑	[93]
	IP	NR	NR	NR	Yes	IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α: ↑	[94]
	IP	Yes	Yes	↑ levels of transaminases	Vascular leakage: High	IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α: ↑	[77,95]
	IP	Yes	Yes	Early leukopenia	Yes	IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α: ↑	[96]
	IP	NR	NR	Thrombocytopenia	Plasma leakage	IL-2, IL-4, and TNFα: ↑	[97]
	IP	NR	NR	Coagulopathy	Plasma leakage	IL-2, IL-4, and TNFα: ↑
	IP	NR	NR	Thrombocytopenia	Plasma leakage	IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-γ and G-CSF: ↑	[80]
	IP	NR	Yes	Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia	Yes	IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, and G-CSF: ↑	[98]
A129	IV	NR	Yes	NR	Yes	IFN-γ: ↑	[93]
	IV	NR	Yes	NR	Yes	TNF-α and IL-10: ↑	[99]
	IV	NR	NR	Thrombocytopenia and Lymphopenia: Moderate AST: Elevated	Severe liver damage Vascular leakage Middle	DENV-2: IL-6: ↑	[100]
IFNAR−/−	IV	NR	Yes	NR	NR	TNF-α and IL-10: ↑	[99]
	IV	NR	NR	NR	Yes	NR	[52]
	IP	NR	NR	NR	Yes	IL-6, INF-α, IP10, IFN-a, IFN-γ: ↑	[101]
Cardif−/− C57BL/6	IV	Yes	NR	NR	NR	IFN-α: ↑	[102]
STAT1−/−	IV	NR	NR	NR	NR	IFNα: ↓ IFNβ: ↑	[81]
	IC	NR	Yes	NR	Yes	NR	[103]
STAT2−/−	IV	NR	NR	NR		IFNα: ↓ IFNβ: ↑	[81]
STAT1−/− STAT2−/−and STAT1−/− IFNAR−/−	IV	NR	NR	NR	NR	IFNα: ↓ IFNβ: ↑

Route of inoculation: intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intracardiac (IC), intraperitoneal (IP), intracranial (I.C.). Clinical description (presence of some of these signs). Neurologic signs: incoordination, loss of balance, kyphoscoliosis, and partial paralysis of posterior limbs, posture instability, ataxia, involuntary contractions, spasmodic movements, and limb paralysis. Disease signs: fur ruffling, weight loss, hunchback posture, abdominal distention, diarrhea-like, limited mobility, intestinal hemorrhage at 8 days after infection, erythema, increased temperature or fever. Thrombocytopenia: changes in platelets count comparing each mouse model with control group. Proinflammatory cytokines: change in cytokines levels compared with control group. Increase: (↑), decrease: (↓). NR: not reported.