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. 2020 Mar 23;8(1):144. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010144

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in mice immunized with LBNSE-OX40L. Moreover, 10⁵ single inguinal lymph node (LN) cells from the mice immunized with 10⁶ FFU of LBNSE, LBNSE-OX40L, or DMEM (as mock) were stained by antibodies for analyzing the Tfh cells (CD4⁺CXCR5^hiPD-1^hi) by flow cytometry. Cell populations of interest were visualized by pseudocolor plots (A) or histogram plots (B) or contour plots (C) showing their forward-scatter (FSC) and side-scatter (SSC) signals in relation to the size and granularity/complexity of the cells, respectively. The gating strategies and representative contour plots of lymphocyte populations in LN cells (A), CD4⁺T cell populations in lymphocyte (B), and Tfh cell populations in CD4⁺T cells (C) were shown. (D) At 7 and 14 dpi, the total number of Tfh cells per 10⁵ draining LN cells was determined. Error bars represented the SE (n = 3). The following notations were used to indicate significant differences between groups: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.