FIG 5.

afEVs kill fungal hyphae. AfS35/pJW103 hyphae expressing a mitochondrial GFP reporter (green) grown for 20 h were stained with calcofluor white (blue) and incubated with sEVs, afEVs, pksP EVs, or 3 mM H₂O₂ as a positive control for cell death induction or left untreated and then monitored by CLSM. A healthy filamentous mitochondrial network is shown in green in an untreated sample. A fragmented mitochondrial network indicates cell death, as seen when 3 mM H₂O₂ was used as a positive control for cell death. Images are representative of those from 4 separate experiments with samples from different donors. Bars, 10 μm.