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. 2020 Apr 14;17:115. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01800-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Age-related progressive reactivity of GFAP⁺ astrocytes in the hippocampus and neocortex after TBI. Young (4 months) and aged (18 months) mice were subjected to sham or CCI injury and euthanized at 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury. Serial sections comprising the dorsal hippocampus were imaged for GFAP labeling and quantified as the pixel positive area for each of the 8 groups. GFAP⁺ threshold was set on young sham tissue. TBI induced a progressive increase of GFAP⁺ astrocyte staining in aged mice (n = 5/group) through 7 days post-injury, whereas the GFAP⁺ staining intensity in young mice (n = 4/group) was most prominent by 3 days post-injury. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc correction examining pairwise interactions for each time interval. ANOVA revealed significant differences due to age (F (1, 28) = 7.924, P = 0.0088), interval (F (3, 28) = 7.593, P = 0.0007), as well as their interaction (F (3, 28) = 9.065, P = 0.0002), for hippocampus. Similarly for the neocortex, ANOVA revealed significant differences due to age (F (1, 28) = 6.007, P = 0.0208), interval (F (3, 28) = 20.58, P < 0.0001), as well as their interaction (F (3, 28) = 6.859, P=0.0013). **P < 0.01, for pairwise comparison of 7-day interval between young and aged. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Young, gray bars; Aged, blue bars. Scale bar is 200 μm