Table 14-6.

Possible Mitochondrial Encephalopathies in Animals

Animal	Age of Onset (months)	Clinical Signs	Primary Lesions
Cattle dog	5 to 12	Seizures, behavioral abnormalities followed by locomotor signs	Spongiosis and cavitation in cerebellum, brainstem nuclei, and spinal gray matter
English springer spaniel	15 to 16	Ataxia, disorientation, visual deficits	Status spongiosus in accessory olivary nucleus; axon loss and gliosis in optic nerve and tracts
Jack Russell terrier	2.5	Ataxia, hypermetria, and deafness	Neuronal degeneration and mineralization of the medulla oblongata, vestibulocochlear nerve, choroid plexus, and granule cell layer of the cerebellum
Limousin cattle	1 to 4	Locomotor signs, aggressive behavior, blindness	Spongiosis, cavitation in cerebral and cerebellar white matter, brainstem nuclei, optic chiasm
Simmental cattle	5 to 12	Ataxia, behavioral changes	Spongiosis and necrosis in internal capsule, caudate nucleus, putamen, brainstem nuclei, spinal gray matter