Box 1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 Criteria for Opioid Use Disorder.

A Problematic Pattern of Opioid Use Leading to Clinically Significant Impairment or Distress As Manifested by at Least Two of the Following Occurring Within 12-Month Period (23).
1. Opioids taken in larger amounts or over longer period than intended.
2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down or control opioid use.
3. A great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the opioid, use the opioid, or recover from their effects.
4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use opioids.
5. Recurrent opioid use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school or home.
6. Continued opioid use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of opioids.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of the opioid use.
8. Recurrent opioid use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued opioid use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the opioids.