Table 1.
Observational studies of ADMA in chronic hypoxia and pulmonary arterial hypertension in humans.
| Clinical condition | Study design | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| High altitude | |||
| CIH | 72 healthy Chilean lowlanders exposed to CIH during three months; 16 Andean highlander natives | ADMA ↑ by x% in CIH; no change in SDMA in CIH; highest ADMA in highland natives | Lüneburg et al. 14 |
| CIH | 100 healthy Chilean lowlanders exposed to CIH during six months; echocardiography at six months | ADMA ↑ by x% in CIH; SDMA ↓ by x% in CIH | Siques et al. 15 |
| CIH | 120 Chilean mining workers after exposure to CIH for a mean 14 ± 0.5 years | ADMA, but not SDMA, ↑ as compared to reference levels; higher ADMA in workers with HAPH (mPAP > 30 mm Hg) than in those without | Brito et al. 16 |
| HAPE | 200 HAPE patients, 200 HAPE-free altitude sojourners, and 450 healthy highlanders | ADMA significantly ↑ in HAPE-patients and in highlanders than in HAPE-free sojourners | Ali et al. 17 |
| Acute hypobaric hypoxia (hypobaric chamber) | 12 healthy humans during a 24 h stay in a hypobaric chamber | N = 5 developed AMS, high mPAP, and decreased ADMA; N = 4 had mild AMS, mildly elevated mPAP, and elevated ADMA | Tannheimer et al. 18 |
| Lung diseases | |||
| OSAS | 40 OSAS patients, 20 healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in OSAS vs. controls | In et al. 19 |
| COPD | COPD patients with or without PAH (sPAP > 35 mm Hg), healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in COPD with PAH vs. both other groups | Telo et al. 20 |
| PAH | |||
| IPAH | Patients with IPAH, healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in IPAH | Kielstein et al. 21 |
| PAH in systemic sclerosis | 66 European patients with systemic sclerosis (24 with PAH, 42 without PAH), 30 age-matched healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in systemic sclerosis with PAH, not in systemic sclerosis without PAH | Dimitroulas et al. 22 |
| PAH in connective tissue disease | 88 Chinese patients with connective tissue diseases (43 with PAH, 45 without PAH), and 40 healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in connective tissue diseases with PAH, not in connective tissue diseases without PAH | Liu et al. 23 |
| HIV-associated PAH | 214 HIV patients, of whom 85 underwent right heart catheterization for suspected PAH | ADMA ↑ in HIV patients with PAH than in those without; mPAP 14.2% higher per each 0.1 µmol/l increase in ADMA | Parikh et al. 24 |
| CTEPH | 135 CTEPH patients, 40 healthy controls | ADMA ↑ in CTEPH patients than in controls | Skoro-Sajer et al. 25 |
AMS: acute mountain sickness; CIH: chronic-intermittent hypobaric hypoxia; COPD: chronic obstructive lung disease; CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; HAPE: high-altitude pulmonary edema; HAPH: high-altitude pulmonary hypertension; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IPAH: idiopathic PAH; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA: symmetric dimethylarginine.