TABLE 17-2.
Markers Used for the Differential Diagnosis of Major Tumor Categories
| Tumor Tissue | Markers |
|---|---|
| Adrenal |
|
| Endocrine tumors (generic) | Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 |
| Epithelial vs. mesenchymal | Cytokeratins (epithelial), vimentin (mesenchymal), E-cadherin (epithelium), p63 (basal cells, myoepithelium) |
| Leukocytic | CD45 (panleukocytic), CD18 (with emphasis in histiocytic), CD11d (dendritic cells), E-cadherin (Langerhan's cells), lysozyme (histiocytes), myeloid histiocytic marker (histiocytes, myeloid cells) |
| Liver | Hep Par 1 (hepatocytes), cytokeratin 7 (bile duct epithelium) |
| Lymphoid | CD3 (T-cell), CD79a and CD20 (B-cell), CD45 and CD18 (panleukocytic), MUM1 (plasma cells) |
| Mast cell tumors | CD117, tryptase, OCT3/4 |
| Melanocytic tumors | Melan A, S100, NSE |
| Muscle differentiation | Actin muscle (all muscle), smooth muscle actin (smooth muscle), myoglobin (skeletal muscle), actin sarcomeric (striated muscle), desmin (all muscle), calponin (smooth muscle, myofibroblast, myoepithelium) |
| Neurogenic tumors | S100 (neurons, glial cells), neurofilament (neurons), GFAP (glial cells), glut1, nerve growth factor receptor (perineural cells) |
| Pancreas (endocrine) | Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, chromogranin A |
| Squamous vs. adenocarcinoma | Squamous cell carcinoma (CK5, p63); adenocarcinoma (CK7) |
| Testis and ovary | Sex cord–stromal tumors (inhibin-α, NSE); germ-cell tumors (calretinin, KIT, PGP 9.5) |
| Thyroid | Thyroglobulin (follicular cells), calcitonin (medulla, C-cells), TTF1 (follicles and medulla) |
| Urinary tumors | Uroplakin III, cytokeratin 7, COX-2, COX-1 |
| Vascular tumors (endothelium) | Factor VIII–related antigen, CD31 |