TABLE 12.10.
Causes of Complete or Partial Esophageal Obstruction in the Horse
| Category | Differential | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Intraluminal | Foreign body | Apples, potatoes |
| Feed material | ||
| Extramural | Neoplasia | Squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma |
| Vascular ring anomaly | Persistent right aortic arch | |
| Granuloma | ||
| Intramural | Esophageal abscess | |
| Granuloma | ||
| Neoplasia | Squamous cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma | |
| Cysts | Intramural cysts, duplication cysts | |
| Diverticula | ||
| Stenosis | ||
| Functional disorders | Dehydration | |
| Exhaustion | ||
| Pharmacologic | Acepromazine, detomidine | |
| Primary megaesophagus | Congenital ectasia | |
| Esophagitis | ||
| Autonomic dysautonomia | ||
| Vagal neuropathies |