Table 2.

Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of OUD treatment with buprenorphine across subgroups in patients with documented OUD (n=13,942) seen in primary care clinics during the 3-year period (Oct 1, 2013-Sept 30, 2016)

	N	Unadjusted %	adjusted^ǂ %	95% CI (adjusted)		p-value
Age
18–25	2,131	37.0	35.3	(33.5-	37.1)	<0.0001
26–35	2,891	27.7	27.5	(26.0-	29.0)
36–45	2,367	24.0	24.0	(22.4-	25.6)
46–55	2,758	16.7	17.1	(15.7-	18.4)
56–65	2,362	11.2	11.3	(10.1-	12.5)
66–75	932	4.3	4.6	(3.2-	5.9)
>75	501	0.8	0.9	(0.0-	1.8)
Gender
Female	7,404	18.1	19.2	(18.4-	20.1)	<0.0001
Male	6,537	24.2	22.8	(21.9-	23.7)
Race
Hispanic	859	20.6	17.6	(15.4-	19.9)	<0.0001
White	10,966	22.0	21.8	(21.1-	22.5)
Black/African American	926	10.4	15.5	(12.9-	18.0)
Asian	170	20.6	19.4	(14.1-	24.6)
Native American/Alaska Native	149	21.5	22.9	(16.8-	29.0)
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	40	27.5	18.1	(9.1-	27.2)
Multiracial	456	16.9	19.1	(15.6-	22.5)
Other	100	14.0	14.3	(8.0-	20.7)
Unknown	276	25.7	19.9	(16.1-	23.7)
Insurance type
Medicare	2,406	8.7	19.1	(16.8-	21.5)	<0.0001
Commercial or private	6,128	34.1	29.8	(28.7-	30.8)
State subsidized	1,674	26.3	22.1	(20.2-	23.9)
Uninsured	308	24.4	23.3	(18.9-	27.6)
Charlson co-morbidity index
0	12,830	22.3	21.5	(20.9-	22.2)	<0.0001
1	213	6.6	15.6	(8.9-	22.2)
2+	899	5.8	10.1	(7.7-	12.5)
Any non-cancer pain diagnosis
Not Present	1,522	40.9	28.8	(26.9-	30.7)	<0.0001
Present	12,420	18.5	19.7	(19.0-	20.4)
Any mental health disorder diagnosis
Not Present	2,717	26.1	23.2	(21.8-	24.6)	0.0005
Present	11,225	19.8	20.4	(19.7-	21.1)
Tobacco use disorder
Not Present	5,547	18.2	21.1	(20.0-	22.1)	0.8493
Present	8,395	22.8	20.9	(20.2-	21.7)
Alcohol use disorder
Not Present	9,977	20.6	21.2	(20.5-	21.9)	0.3163
Present	3,965	22.0	20.5	(19.4-	21.6)
Other SUD disorder diagnosis
Not Present	6,596	17.8	19.8	(18.9-	20.7)	0.0014
Present	7,346	23.9	21.9	(21.0-	22.7)
Cannabis
Not Present	11,635	19.7	21.1	(20.4-	21.8)	0.462
Present	2,307	27.7	20.5	(19.1-	21.9)
Stimulants
Not Present	11,422	19.3	20.6	(20.0-	21.3)	0.0531
Present	2,520	28.5	22.2	(20.8-	23.6)
Other drug use disorders
Not Present	7,785	19.0	19.6	(18.8-	20.5)	<0.0001
Present	6,157	23.4	22.6	(21.6-	23.5)
Documented OUD diagnosis type						<0.0001
Active at least once during study	12,773	21.0	21.1	(20.5-	10.0)
Remission only	1,014	9.3	8.5	(6.9-	21.8)
Any opioid use
Not Present	3,886	32.6	28.8	(27.5-	30.1)	<0.0001
Present	10,056	16.5	17.6	(16.9-	18.3)
Opioid prescriptions (count)
0	3,886	32.6	29.8	(28.4-	31.1)	<0.0001
1	1,364	28.4	25.8	(23.7-	27.8)
2–3	1,423	25.2	23.5	(21.5-	25.5)
4–6	1,041	24.0	23.4	(21.1-	25.7)
7–10	827	16.9	17.7	(15.3-	20.2)
>10	5,401	9.7	11.5	(10.6-	12.4)
Opioid overdose
Not Present	13,431	20.8	20.9	(20.3-	21.6)	0.5892
Present	511	24.9	21.8	(18.7-	25.0)
Emergency department visits^*
0	3,645	32.5	32.1	(30.6-	33.5)	<0.0001
1	1,789	30.3	29.0	(27.1-	31.0)
2	1,210	26.6	25.7	(23.4-	28.0)
3+	3,872	19.8	20.7	(19.4-	21.9)
Hospitalizations
0	8,848	24.2	23.4	(22.6-	24.2)	<0.0001
1	2,209	19.2	18.3	(16.9-	19.7)
2	1,083	15.0	16.1	(14.0-	18.2)
3+	1,802	11.0	14.1	(12.4-	15.8)

Excludes one health system; OUD=opioid use disorder, Other SUD=other substance use disorder diagnoses, not including alcohol, opioid or tobacco use disorders;

^ǂ

Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity and health system