| Study ID |
Exposure |
Outcome |
| |
Agent |
Name |
Solution |
Amount |
Additions |
Exposure method |
Detection |
Photographs |
Measure |
| Andonian 2019 |
Fluorescent fluid/microbeads |
Powder (Glitter Bug)/fluorescent 2‐μm polystyrene latex bead (PLSs) |
Grape‐seed oil and water (1:6 oil‐to‐water ratio)/in aerosol |
75 mg/mL |
‐ |
Pesticide hand sprayer: 5 sweeping passes of sprayer from head to feet on
the front and back of the HCW/4 min of continuous aerosol generation while
the HCW turned 90° every 60 s |
UV‐light/PLS detection was performed by counting via epifluorescent
microscopy |
No |
Number of body sites with fluorescent marker/with PLS |
| Bell 2015 |
Fluorescent |
Glogerm, Tide, Bright Dyes Orange Dye |
Water |
100 mL |
Oatmeal, chocolate powder, crushed cereal |
100 mL splashed on the front torso of their garment |
UV LED black light, Chauvet |
Yes |
Contaminated yes/no |
| Buianov 2004 |
Microbes |
? |
10^8 CFU/m3
|
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
| Casanova 2012 |
Virus |
MS2 |
10^5 PFU/5 muL |
25 muL |
? |
Shoulder, respirator, eye protection, hand 5 drops of 5 muL |
Swabs of face and hands; extraction gloves, scrubs |
n/a |
Any contamination yes/no; mean Log10 PFU recovered |
| Casanova 2016 |
Virus |
MS2, Phi6 |
10^8 MS2, 10^7 Phi6/5 muL |
25 muL |
? |
Hand, shoulder, face‐shield, boot |
Swabs of face and hands; extraction gloves, scrubs |
n/a |
Any contamination yes/no |
| Chughtai 2018 |
Fluorescent |
Fluorescent spray: Glitter Bug |
? |
0.5 mL |
? |
Rubbed over hands; sprayed on front and sides from 1 m distance |
UV light |
No |
People with contaminated patches |
| Gleser 2018 |
Fluorescent |
Schulke |
? |
5 mL |
No |
Distributed equally on the gloves |
UV box |
No |
Hand contamination (yes/no) |
| Guo 2014 |
Fluorescent |
Glogerm |
Oil and water |
? |
No |
Sprayed 3.8 g of the lotion onto the upper body of the subject at a
distance of 60 cm from the participant |
UV scan |
No |
Number of stains |
| Hajar 2019 |
Fluorescent |
Fluorescent solution (Super Blue Invisible Ink, Black Light World) |
? |
0.5 mL |
? |
Rubbed over gloved hands appr 15 s |
Black light |
no |
Sites per person/people with contamination |
| Hall 2018 |
Fluorescent |
VIOLET‐tool |
Water, glycerol |
800 mL (blue UV) |
Flour, salt |
Manikin vomited, produced diarrhoea, sweat and cough |
UV‐A strip lights |
Yes |
Yes/no and location (n = 12) |
| Kpadeh Rogers 2019 |
Bacteria |
Bacterial suspension of MSSA/GloGerm Mist liquid |
? |
50 muL each |
? |
Rubbed the bacteria/fluorescent marker on their hands |
Plated on tryptic soy agar for quantitative culturing. Plates were
incubated overnight. |
No |
Number of CFUs of K pneumoniae and MSSA were calculated |
| Mana 2018 |
Fluorescent |
? |
? |
0.5 mL |
No |
Rubbed over gloved hands; then contaminated front of the gown |
Ultra light UV1 |
No |
Any contamination yes/no |
| Virus |
Phi X174 |
10^8 PFU/0.5 mL |
0.5 mL |
? |
Rubbed over de‐gloved hands for 10 sec |
Swabs of hands and wrist; swabs of neck and chest |
n/a |
Any contamination yes/no; mean Log10 PFU recovered |
| Osei‐Bonsu 2019 |
Fluorescent/ bacteria |
Glo Germ fluorescent powder/Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
? |
1 mL of S epidermidis in a 0.5 McFarland suspension (1.5 10
8 CFU/mL) |
? |
Wedge foam paint brush to coat participants with Glo Germfluorescent
powder on both arms, hands, and the abdomen/dripping droplets over the PPE
with a 1000 uL pipette |
Black light/areas of apparent powder transfer were documented and
cultured using cotton swabs, inoculated onto blood agar plates, and
incubated for 48 h. |
No |
Number of people with contamination |
| Suen 2018 |
Fluorescent |
Fluorescent solution (UV GERM Hygiene Spray, Glow TecLtd |
? |
12 times 1.99 g |
? |
Solution was sprayed onto the face shield, 2 upper limb/gloves and
anterior surfaces of the gown |
UV lamp (CheckPoint, 220– 240 V/50 Hz; Glow Tec Ltd., London, England)
under dim light |
No |
Overall average of contaminated body sites |
| Strauch 2016 |
Fluorescent |
Glogerm |
Oil |
25 mL |
No |
1. brushed on masks
2. 1 mL on the hands |
UV‐A light |
Yes |
Contaminated yes/no; intensity of UV light reflection |
| Tomas 2016 |
Fluorescent |
? |
? |
0.5 mL |
No |
Rubbed over gloved hands |
Ultra light UV1 |
No |
Contaminated hands/wrist yes/no |
| Virus |
MS2 |
10^10 PFU /0.5 mL |
0.5 mL |
? |
Gloved hands were inoculated |
Swabs of hands and wrist |
n/a |
Contaminated hands/wrist yes/no; mean log10 PFU recovered |
| Wong 2004 |
Fluorescent |
? |
Water |
100 mL |
No |
Sprayed the exposed part with an atomiser (participants were blindfolded
during this process) |
UV scan |
Yes |
Number of stains |
| Zamora 2006 |
Fluorescent |
Detection paste |
? |
100 mL |
No |
Paste on forearms and palms of the hands |
UV lamp |
No |
Areas measured |
|
CFU: colony forming units; HCW: healthcare worker; K
pneumonia: Klebsiella pneumoniae;LED: light‐emitting diode; MS2: harmless virus; MSSA:
methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus;mL: millilitre; muL: microlitre; n/a: not applicable;
PFU: plaque forming units; Phi6: harmless virus;
PLS: polystyrene latex bead; UV: ultraviolet |
