Table 4.
Summary of the applications of 3D printed tools.
| Printing Approach | Device type | Degree of Integration | Analytical Application | Signal Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Biology | ||||
| SLA [173] | μFN | Module for microwell plate integration | Controlled Oxygen delivery in microplates | EC |
| SLA [62] | μF chip | Integrated biosensing material holders | Microdialysates including glucose and lactate | EC |
| SLA [181] | μF chip | Pumps and Valves | Urinary proteins | C |
| SLA [201] | μF chip | Integrated serpentine micromixer | Cell encapsulation in hydrogel | F |
| SLA [113] | μF chip | Simple flow chip with integrated electrodes | Nucleic Acid | ECL |
| SLA [202] | OMT | Modular | Immunoassay for anti-viral antibody detection | C |
| FDM [203] | μF chip | Simple fluidics with integrated T-junction and serpentine mixers | Assembling linear DNA into complex circular DNA for biological applications, such as transfection | O/S |
| FDM [29] | μF chip | Multi reagent fluidic network in a single chip format | PSA, PSMA, PF4 | ECL |
| FDM [64] | μF chip | Integrated T-junction | Dental pulp stem cell encapsulation in alginate droplets | Optical Imaging |
| FDM [204] | LOC | Integrated standalone tool | Drug-resistant Staphylococcus bacterial harvest, culture, lysis, PCR gene amplification | C gold NPs |
| FDM [205] | LOC | Microfluidic total analysis system | Influenza virus | EC |
| Microjet Printing [166] | μF chip | Integrated T-junction and luer connectors | Microalgae separation using hydrocyclone type feed reactor | BFM |
| Microjet Printing [172] | LOC | Integrated membranes and biosensors | Bioreactor for multicellular organism co-culture; model organisms yeast and euglena | BFM |
| Inkjet Printing [179] | μF chip | Modular; Integrated post-based filtration unit | Plasma separation <10s time | Optical |
| Multiphoton Lithography [167] | μF chip | Simple fluidics with integrated multiple flow trenches | Single cell capture device | Optical |
| In Chemistry/Biochemistry | ||||
| SLA [180] | μF chip | Multi reagent fluidic network in a single chip format | DNA damage potential of E-cigarette smoke components | ECL |
| SLA [206,207] | LOC | Integrated standalone tool with on-chip pumps, valves, references and optics | Chemical testing of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | C and F |
| SLA [206,207] | μF chip | Integrated preconcentration unit | Trace Elements in sea water: Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb | MS |
| FDM [190] | μF chip | Microreactor fluidic interface module as a part of integrated chip | Peptide mapping analysis | UPLC-MS |
| FDM [199] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Droplet Splitter for chemical titrations | F |
| FDM [195] | μF chip | Integrated solid-phase capsule | Solid phase extraction | CG |
| FDM [114] | μF chip | Simple fluidic channel type reactor | H2O2 | EC |
| FDM [208] | μF pad | Integrated channels and T-junction | Nitrite | C |
| FDM [209] | LOC | Integrated chip with sample processing cartridge, reaction chamber, attachments for detection device | Lactate | CL |
| FDM [27] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Chemical testing of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | C |
| FDM [210] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Low volume chemical reactor | Various methods |
| DMP [211,212] | LOC | Standalone device with integrated micromixer, gradient generator, droplet extractor, and isotachophoresis | Nitrate and Glucose | C |
| Microjet Printing [194] | μF chip | Simple fluidic channel type reactor with integrated metal electrodes | Dopamine and Nitric Oxide | EC |
| Microjet Printing [13] | μF chip | Integrated on-chip membranes | Linezolid, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin transportation for pharmacokinetic applications | MS |
| Inkjet Printing [179] | μF chip | Modular; Integrated post-based filtration unit | Plasma separation <10s time | Optical |
| Multiphoton | μF chip | Simple fluidics with integrated multiple flow trenches | Single cell capture device | Optical |
| Lithography [167] | ||||
| In Chemistry/Biochemistry | ||||
| SLA [180] | μF chip | Multi reagent fluidic network in a single chip format | DNA damage potential of E-cigarette smoke components | ECL |
| SLA [206,207] | LOC | Integrated standalone tool with on-chip pumps, valves, references and optics | Chemical testing of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | C and F |
| SLA [206,207] | μF chip | Integrated preconcentration unit | Trace Elements in sea water: Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb | MS |
| FDM [190] | μF chip | Microreactor fluidic interface module as a part of integrated chip | Peptide mapping analysis | UPLC-MS |
| FDM [199] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Droplet Splitter for chemical titrations | F |
| FDM [195] | μF chip | Integrated solid-phase capsule | Solid phase extraction | CG |
| FDM [114] | μF chip | Simple fluidic channel type reactor | H2O2 | EC |
| FDM [208] | μF pad | Integrated channels and T-junction | Nitrite | C |
| FDM [209] | LOC | Integrated chip with sample processing cartridge, reaction chamber, attachments for detection device | Lactate | CL |
| FDM [27] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Chemical testing of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | C |
| FDM [210] | μF chip | Simple fluidics | Low volume chemical reactor | Various methods |
| DMP [211,212] | LOC | Standalone device with integrated micromixer, gradient generator, droplet extractor, and isotachophoresis | Nitrate and Glucose | C |
| Microjet Printing [194] | μF chip | Simple fluidic channel type reactor with integrated metal electrodes | Dopamine and Nitric Oxide | EC |
| Microjet Printing [13] | μF chip | Integrated on-chip membranes | Linezolid, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin transportation for pharmacokinetic applications | MS |
| Microjet Printing [21] | Open | Simple chip with integrated microstructure-based | Separation of phenol red and bromothymol blue | C and F |
| Fluidic chip | capillary | Separation of Lysozyme and myoglobin | ||
| Microjet Printing [198] | Fluidic chip | Modular with integrated modules namely thin layer flow cell and flow-field shaped solid electrodes | Pb+2 | EC |
| Microjet Printing [197] | μF chip | Simple chip with integrated screen printed electrodes | Cd(II) and Pb(II) | EC |
SLA: Stereolithography; OMT: Optomechanical tool; FDM: Fused Deposition Manufacturing; DMP: Digital Mask Projection; LOC: Lab-on-a-Chip; ECL: Electrochemiluminescence; PSA: Prostate-Specific Antigen; PSMA: Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen; PF4: Platelet Factor 4; MS: mass Spectrometry; NP: Nanoparticle; Electrochemistry: EC; Colorimetry: C; Fluorescence: F; Optical: O; Spectrophotometry: S; Chromatography: CG; Chemiluminescence: CL; Bright-field microscopy: BFM.