Table 1. Clinical information, vital signs, and initial labs (CIVIL).
| Stroke- mimic (n = 406) | True stroke (n = 1,153) | pa | Ischemic stroke (n = 894) | Hemorrhagic stroke (n = 259) | pb | |
| Clinical information | ||||||
| Age, years | 62.2 ± 15.8 | 64.5 ± 14.2 | 0.012 | 65.6 ± 14.0 | 60.5 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Age ≥ 60 years, n (%) | 230 (56.7) | 743 (64.4) | 0.005 | 613 (68.6) | 130 (50.2) | <0.001 |
| Age ≤ 40 years, n (%) | 38 (9.4) | 57 (4.9) | 0.001 | 40 (4.5) | 17 (6.6) | 0.172 |
| Male, n (%) | 200 (49.3) | 699 (60.6) | <0.001 | 561 (62.8) | 138 (53.3) | 0.004 |
| Onset-to-door time (minute) | 172.6 ± 209.9 | 182.9 ± 205.2 | 0.118 | 197.9 ± 210.0 | 131.2 ± 178.7 | <0.001 |
| Onset-to-door ≥ 90 min, n (%) | 173 (42.6) | 466 (40.4) | 0.439 | 314 (35.1) | 152 (58.7) | <0.001 |
| Prior history, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 170 (41.9) | 606 (52.6) | <0.001 | 473 (52.9) | 133 (51.4) | 0.355 |
| Diabetes | 100 (24.6) | 250 (21.7) | 0.419 | 214 (23.9) | 36 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac diseases | 69 (17.0) | 263 (22.8) | <0.001 | 244 (27.3) | 19 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Previous stroke | 78 (19.2) | 242 (21.0) | 0.120 | 199 (22.3) | 43 (16.6) | 0.028 |
| Seizure or psychiatric history | 89 (21.9) | 21 (1.8) | <0.001 | 19 (2.1) | 2 (0.8) | 0.192 |
| Clinical manifestations | ||||||
| Time | ||||||
| “Sudden”, n (%) | 365 (89.9) | 1038 (90.0) | 0.172 | 786 (87.9) | 252 (97.3) | <0.001 |
| “After awakening”, n (%) | 32 (7.9) | 114 (9.9) | 0.021 | 105 (11.7) | 9 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| “As unusual”, n (%) | 13 (3.2) | 34 (2.9) | 0.476 | 31 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | 0.034 |
| Body-spatial | ||||||
| “one-side arm”, n (%) | 144 (35.5) | 821 (71.2) | <0.001 | 642 (71.8) | 179 (69.1) | 0.221 |
| “one-side leg”, n (%) | 120 (29.6) | 720 (62.4) | <0.001 | 557 (62.3) | 163 (62.9) | 0.457 |
| “one-side face”, n (%) | 72 (17.7) | 401 (34.8) | <0.001 | 306 (34.2) | 95 (36.7) | 0.255 |
| “any asymmetry’, n (%) | 205 (50.5) | 958 (83.1) | <0.001 | 763 (85.3) | 195 (75.3) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| “not ambulating”, n (%) | 79 (19.5) | 508 (44.1) | <0.001 | 388 (43.4) | 120 (46.3) | 0.222 |
| “not able to speak”, n (%) | 185 (45.6) | 576 (50.0) | 0.077 | 447 (50.0) | 129 (49.8) | 0.506 |
| “not able to grasp”, n (%) | 37 (9.1) | 206 (17.9) | <0.001 | 164 (18.3) | 42 (16.2) | 0.245 |
| “mental change” *, n (%) | 156 (38.4) | 193 (16.7) | <0.001 | 92 (10.3) | 101 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| “abnormal sensation”, n (%) | 56 (13.8) | 162 (14.1) | 0.247 | 138 (15.4) | 24 (9.3) | 0.006 |
| “visual disturbance”, n (%) | 4 (1.0) | 18 (1.6) | 0.165 | 17 (1.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0.062 |
| Baseline vital signs | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 137.7 ± 28.9 | 151.1 ± 28.6 | <0.001 | 147.7 ± 25.4 | 163.0 ± 34.9 | <0.001 |
| SBP ≥ 160mmHg, n (%) | 100 (24.6) | 473 (41.0) | <0.001 | 327 (36.6) | 146 (56.4) | <0.001 |
| SBP ≥ 140mmHg, n (%) | 202 (49.8) | 801 (69.5) | <0.001 | 598 (66.9) | 203 (78.4) | <0.001 |
| SBP ≤ 90mmHg, n (%) | 12 (3.0) | 3 (0.3) | <0.001 | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.8) | 0.128 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81.9 ± 34.7 | 86.8 ± 16.4 | 0.018 | 85.6 ± 15.5 | 90.6 ± 18.7 | 0.005 |
| Pulse rate, bpm | 84.2 ± 19.1 | 82.9 ± 15.5 | 0.454 | 82.8 ± 15.9 | 83.2 ± 13.9 | 1.000 |
| Body temperature, °C | 36.5 ± 0.8 | 36.5 ± 0.5 | 1.000 | 36.5 ± 0.4 | 36.4 ± 0.6 | 0.173 |
| Initial laboratory findings | ||||||
| Glucose, mg/dl | 150.0 ± 101.6 | 146.8 ± 60.1 | 0.510 | 144.0 ± 60.5 | 156.4 ± 57.8 | 0.051 |
| Extreme glucose level†, n (%) | 24 (5.9) | 14 (1.2) | <0.001 | 11 (1.2) | 3 (1.2) | 1.000 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 99.3 ± 3.2 | 99.5 ± 2.5 | 0.062 | 99.6 ± 2.2 | 99.2 ± 3.2 | 0.082 |
SBP means systolic blood pressure, and DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure. *”mental change” was defined when a decrease in the level of consciousness below drowsiness was observed on initial neurological examination. †initial blood glucose level ≤ 80 or ≥ 400 mg/dl, pa = Stroke mimic vs. true stroke, pb = Ischemic stroke vs. hemorrhagic stroke