Table 1.

Laboratory results at initial evaluation.

Parameter	Value	Reference values
HbA1c (%; mmol/mol)	5.8 (40)	4.2–5.8 (22–40)
Glucose (mg/dL; mmol/L)	99 (5.5)	70–100 (3.9–5.6)
Insulin (uU/mL; pmol/L)	225.4 (1565.4)	1.0–21.0 (6.9–145.8)
Triglyceride (mg/dL; mmol/L)	305 (3.45)	<130 (1.47)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL; mmol/L)	169 (4.37)	<170 (4.39)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL; mmol/L)	29 (0.75)	<40 (1.03)
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL; mmol/L)	79 (2.04)	<90 (2.33)
Chol/HDL Ratio	5.8	<4.5
Apo-lipoprotein A-1 (mg/dL; mmol/L)	101 (0.036)	>110 (0.039)
Apo-lipoprotein B (mg/dL; mmol/L)	109 (0.002)	<105 (0.002)
Creatinine (mg/dL; mmol/L)	0.4 (0.035)	0.4-0.9 (0.035–0.079)
AST (IU/L)	53	5-60
ALT(IU/L)	73	<35
ALK (IU/L)	348	90–420
GGTP (IU/L)	41	8–35
CK (IU/L)	113	26–180
Leptin (ng/mL)*	1.2	NA†
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	220	143–693
Cortisol (µg/dL)	9.4	A.M.: 7.0–22.0
FSH (mIU/mL)	3.7	2.0–12.0
LH (mIU/mL)	0.4	2–15
Estradiol (pg/mL)	13	Prepubertal: <20
Testosterone (ng/mL)	0.06	0.10–0.70
FT3 (pg/mL)	2.6	1.6–3.9
FT4 (ng/dL)	1.04	0.76–1.70
TSH (mIU/L)	0.57	0.3–5.5
C3 Complement (mg/dL)	111	79–152
C4 Complement (mg/dL)	15.1	16–38
Antinuclear Antibody	1/320 (speckled)	Negative
GAD Antibody (units/mL)	>250	0–5

^†Reference values for serum leptin in healthy non-obese children and adolescents were previously reported by Lausten-Thomsen et al. (11); however, reference interval for ages 0–17 are not established in the relevant population. Adult females (BMI = 22): 3.3–18.3 ng/mL. *Leptin level measured via RIA.

ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK, creatine kinase; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; GGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL, high density lipoprotein; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LH, luteinizing hormone; NA, not applicable; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone.