Table 2.

Back transformed (from log scale) estimates in percent difference for associations between overnight fasting duration and glucose, insulin, glucagon, GIP and GLP-1.

	Unadjusted				Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status and weekday
	n	Estimate (%) 95% CI		P	n	Estimate (%) 95%CI		P
Plasma glucose
Fasting	1717	0.0	(−0.4,0.3)	0.844	1706	−0.2	(−0.5,0.1)	0.267
30 min	1702	0.4	(−0.2,0.9)	0.159	1691	0.2	(−0.3,0.7)	0.488
120 min	1710	2.0	(1.1,3.9)	<0.001	1699	1.7	(0.8,2.5)	<0.001
rAUC0–30	1702	0.2	(0.0,0.5)	0.068	1691	0.2	(0.0,0.5)	0.109
rAUC0–120	1698	0.9	(0.5,1.3)	<0.001	1687	0.8	(0.4,1.2)	<0.001
Plasma insulin
Fasting	1716	1.6	(−0.3,3.4)	0.094	1705	0.7	(−0.9,2.2)	0.400
30 min	1699	1.3	(−0.6,3.3)	0.172	1688	0.7	(−1.2,2.5)	0.481
120 min	1708	4.8	(2.3,7.2)	<0.001	1697	3.6	(1.4,5.8)	0.001
rAUC0–30	1698	0.0	(−1.5,1.4)	0.957	1687	0.2	(−1.2,1.6)	0.805
rAUC0–120	1694	1.2	(−0.2,2.7)	0.084	1683	1.3	(−0.1,2.7)	0.066
Plasma glucagon
Fasting	1466	0.5	(−1.4,2.5)	0.601	1455	0.3	(−1.8,1.9)	0.967
30 min	1453	2.0	(0.0,4.0)	0.048	1442	1.0	(−0.8,2.9)	0.278
120 min	1457	−0.4	(−3.0,2.3)	0.783	1446	−0.8	(−3.4,1.9)	0.553
rAUC0–30	1450	0.2	(−0.5,1.0)	0.579	1439	0.0	(−0.7,0.8)	0.903
rAUC0–120	1442	0.2	(−0.9,1.4)	0.720	1431	0.0	(−1.1,1.2)	0.972
Plasma GIP
Fasting	1402	−2.6	(−4.3,−0.9)	0.003	1391	−2.4	(−4.1,−0.7)	0.006
30 min	1390	0.5	(−0.9,1.9)	0.511	1380	0.5	(−0.9,1.9)	0.468
120 min	1394	0.4	(−1.0,1.8)	0.552	1383	0.7	(−0.7,2.0)	0.328
rAUC0–30	1386	2.7	(1.2,4.3)	<0.001	1376	2.6	(1.1,4.1)	0.001
rAUC0–120	1377	3.0	(1.4,4.7)	<0.001	1367	3.0	(1.3,4.7)	0.001
Plasma GLP-1
Fasting	1464	−2.3	(−4.6,0.0)	0.046	1453	−2.9	(−5.1,−0.6)	0.013
30 min	1453	−1.5	(−2.5,1.5)	0.601	1442	−0.9	(−2.8,1.0)	0.358
120 min	1457	−0.8	(−2.4,0.9)	0.380	1446	−0.7	(−2.3,0.9)	0.388
rAUC0–30	1448	1.4	(−0.5,3.2)	0.149	1437	1.6	(−0.3,3.4)	0.093
rAUC0–120	1440	1.9	(−0.2,4.0)	0.073	1429	2.3	(0.3,4.4)	0.026

Estimates are per 1 h increase in fasting duration. Linear regression models.

GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; rAUC_0–30, relative early response; rAUC_0–120, relative total response.