Table 3.
Risk factors with direct biological links to diarrhoea and pneumonia
|
Diarrhoea |
Pneumonia |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morbidity | Mortality | Morbidity | Mortality | ||
| Not exclusively breastfeeding (0–5 months; vs exclusive breastfeeding) | |||||
| Partially breastfed | RR 1·7 (95% CI 1·0–2·8)* | RR 4·6 (95% CI 1·8–11·8)* | ·· | RR 2·5 (95% CI 1·0–6·0)* | |
| Not breastfed | RR 2·7 (95% CI 1·7–4·1)* | RR 10·5 (95% CI 2·8–39·6)* | ·· | RR 15·0 (95% CI 0·7–332·7)* | |
| No breastfeeding (6–23 months; vs receives any breastmilk) | RR 1·3 (95% CI 1·1–1·6)† | RR 2·2 (95% CI 1·1–4·2)* | ·· | ·· | |
| Underweight (vs >−2 WAZ for morbidity and >−1 WAZ for mortality) | |||||
| −2 to <−1 WAZ | ·· | OR 2·1 (95% CI 1·6–2·7)§ | ·· | OR 1·2 (95% CI 0·7–1·9)§ | |
| −3 to <−2 WAZ | RR 1·2 (95% CI 1·1–1·4)‡ | OR 3·4 (95% CI 2·7–4·4)§ | RR 1·9 (95% CI 1·1–3·3)‡ | OR 1·3 (95% CI 0·9–2·0)§ | |
| Less than <−3 WAZ | OR 9·5 (95% CI 5·5–16·5)§ | OR 6·4 (95% CI 3·9–10·4)§ | |||
| Stunting (vs >−1 HAZ) | |||||
| −2 to <−1 HAZ | ·· | OR 1·2 (95% CI 0·9–1·7) § | ·· | OR 1·0 (95% CI 0·6–1·6) § | |
| −3 to <−2 HAZ | ·· | OR 1·6 (95% CI 1·1–2·5) § | ·· | OR 1·3 (95% CI 0·9–2·1) § | |
| <−3 HAZ | ·· | OR 4·6 (95% CI 2·7–8·1)§ | ·· | OR 3·2 (95% CI 1·5–6·7) § | |
| Wasting§ (vs >−WHZ) | |||||
| −2 to <−1 WHZ | ·· | OR 1·2 (95% CI 0·7–1·9)§ | ·· | OR 1·6 (95% CI 1·1–2·4)§ | |
| −3 to <−2 WHZ | ·· | OR 2·9 (95% CI 1·8–4·5)§ | ·· | OR 4·2 (95% CI 3·2–5·5)§ | |
| <−3 WHZ | ·· | OR 6·3 (95% CI 2·7–14·7)§ | ·· | OR 8·7 (95% CI 4·8–15·6)§ | |
| Vitamin A deficiency (vs not deficient) | RR 1·5 (95% CI 1·3–1·8)¶ | ·· | ·· | ||
| Zinc deficiency (vs not deficient) | RR 1·2 (95% CI 1·1–1·2)‖ | RR 1·2 (95% CI 1·0–1·6)‖ | RR 1·2 (95% CI 1·2–1·4)‖ | RR 1·2 (95% CI 0·9–1·5)‖ | |
A referenced version of this table is in the appendix. RR=relative risk. WAZ=weight-for age z-score. OR=odds ratio. HAZ=height-for-age z-score. WHZ=weight-for-height z-score.
Mix of cohort, observational, and case-control studies. Adjusted risk relations from individual studies used when available.
Mix of cohort, observational, and case-control studies. Adjusted risk relations from individual studies used when available. Data only available for ages 6–11 months for this risk relation.
Mix of cohort, observational and case-control studies; analysis done with unadjusted risk estimates.
Prospective datasets adjusted for socioeconomic and non-nutritional determinants of mortality.
Meta-analysis of observed risk reductions from supplementation trials.
Meta-analysis of observed risk reductions from randomised controlled trials.