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Estimates of R&D cost from different sources and years
| Estimates of R&D costs in US$ | |
|---|---|
| DiMasi et al (1991)383 | $231 million (expressed in 1987 dollars) |
| Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress (1993)384 | $140–194 million (expressed in 1990 dollars) |
| DiMasi et al (2003)385 | $802 million |
| Office of Health Economics (2012)386 | $1.5 billion |
| DiMasi et al (2016)387 | $2.5 billion |
R&D=research and development.
