Table 3.
Effects of grazing treatment and ground cover on rainfall simulation characteristics conducted in June, August, and October 2008 and April 2009 and in June, August, and October of 2009 and April 2010.
| Item | Treatment† | Statistics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSUveg | CSUbare | CSRveg | RSveg | RSbare | SEM‡ | P value | |
| Bare ground, % | 16.8a§, ¶ | 79.3b | 5.0a | 13.6a | 61.8b | 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| Slope, rad. | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.9339 |
| Sward height, cm# | 1.53c (3.6) | 0.15a (0.2) | 2.20d (8.0) | 1.95cd (6.0) | 0.74b (1.1) | 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| Forage mass, kg ha−1 | 1327.8abc | 141.0a | 2365.3c | 1997.8bc | 655.9ab | 399.7 | 0.0049 |
| Antecedent soil moisture, 0–5 cm g kg−1 | 149.51a | 148.30a | 201.52b | 189.11ab | 184.47ab | 12.56 | 0.0223 |
| Antecedent soil moisture, 5–10 cm g kg−1 | 143.08a | 143.84a | 166.19ab | 171.00b | 168.47ab | 6.94 | 0.0163 |
| Roughness index | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.19 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.07 | 0.1312 |
| Runoff, L h−1 | 14.98a | 32.09b | 6.35c | 14.01a | 28.89b | 0.64 | <0.0001 |
| Runoff, % | 36.55a | 78.71b | 15.32c | 33.98a | 70.76b | 3.89 | <0.0001 |
| Sediment, kg ha−1 ¶ | 4.73a (112.3) | 8.29b (3983.2) | 2.72c (14.2) | 4.73a (111.9) | 7.16b (1290.2) | 0.33 | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorus, g ha−1 ¶ | 6.29a (536.2) | 9.31b (11,085.7) | 4.18c (64.5) | 6.21a (495.7) | 8.18b (3565.4) | 0.33 | <0.0001 |
†
CSR, continuous stocking with restricted stream access; CSU, continuous stocking with unrestricted stream access; RS, rotational stocking. Simulation on vegetated (veg) or bare (bare) ground.
‡
Standard error of the mean (n = 16).
§
Means within a row with different letters differ (P < 0.10).
¶
Means averaged across years and months.
#
Log transformed for data analysis (Ln[x + 1]). Natural, untransformed number in parentheses.