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. 2007 Feb 27;62(5):457–470. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01341.x

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This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

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Upon a viral infection, epithelial and immune cells produce a wide variety of mediators, including interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and pro‐fibrogenic growth factors, shaping the inflammatory response. Abbreviations: CCL, CC chemokine ligand; CCL5, RANTES (Regulated on Activation Normal T‐cell Expressed and Secreted); CCL11, eotaxin; CCL24, eotaxin‐2; CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand; CXCL10, IP‐10 (IFN‐γ‐inducible protein 10); FGF‐2, fibroblast growth factor‐2; GM‐CSF, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; mDC, myeloid dendritic cell; NE, neutrophil elastase; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; RV, rhinovirus; T_C1, cytotoxic CD8⁺ T‐lymphocyte type 1; T_H1, T‐helper 1 CD4⁺ T lymphocyte; TLR, Toll‐like receptor; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor‐α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.