Figure 4. There are four proposed NF-κB signaling pathways in response to various stimuli.

(1) The canonical pathway (2), the non-canonical pathway (3), atypical pathway and (4) oxidative stress-induced pathway. Downstream binding of the NF-κB proteins to DNA regulates downstream transcriptional of many potential antioxidant, pro-oxidant, cell cycle regulation and anti-apoptotic targets that have been shown in Supplementary Table ^{(144.4KB, pdf)} 1.