. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2020 May;132(5):1151–1164. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003188

Table 2:

Adjusted study outcomes

Outcome	Adjusted change, after vs. before hydrocodone rescheduling		Difference-in-differences estimate (95% CI)^*
	Exposed patients (95% CI)^*	Unexposed patients (95% CI)^*	Difference-in-differences estimate (95% CI)^*
	Oral Morphine Equivalents
Oral morphine equivalents dispensed in initial postoperative prescription, up to day 7	26.9 mg (20.8 mg, 33.0 mg)	−18.5 mg (−27.9 mg, −9.1 mg)	45.4 mg (34.2 mg, 56.7 mg)
Oral morphine equivalents dispensed within first 30 days after surgery	10.3 mg (2.8 mg, 17.9 mg)	−27.4 mg (−42.7 mg, −12.0 mg)	37.7 mg (20.6 mg, 54.8 mg)
	Percentage points
Percent with any opioid refill within first 30 days after surgery	−5.6% (−6.5%, −4.8%)	−1.6% (−2.7%, −0.4%)	−4.1% (−5.5%, −2.7%)
Percent with any opioid prescription between 90 and 180 days after surgery	−1.6% (−2.4%, −0.9%)	−0.5% (−1.5%, 0.5%)	−1.1% (−2.3%, 0.1%)

Results obtained from linear models that included an interaction term between patient exposure status (exposed vs unexposed) and period (pre- vs post-implementation), and were adjusted for sex; individual provider vs group practice; age; length of stay; surgery type; peripheral vascular disorders, hypertension (uncomplicated); hypertension (complicated); neurological disorders; chronic pulmonary disease; diabetes (uncomplicated); diabetes (complicated); hypothyroidism; renal failure; liver disease; solid tumor without metastasis; rheumatoid arthritis; coagulopathy; obesity; fluid and electrolyte disorders; iron deficiency anemia; depression; antidepressant receipt in last 90 days; congestive heart failure; cardiac arrhythmia; and cardiac valve disease.